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Food product made from milk

Dairy products or milk products, also known as lacticinia, are food products made from (or containing) milk. The most common dairy animals are cow, water buffalo, nanny goat, and ewe. Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as yogurt, cheese, milk and butter. A facility that produces dairy products is a dairy. Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees.

Dairy products may upset the digestive system in individuals with lactose intolerance or a milk allergy. People who experience lactose intolerance usually avoid milk and other lactose containing dairy products, which may cause mild side effects, such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. The AICR, WCRF, CCA and Prostate Cancer UK have stated that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of prostate cancer. The American Cancer Society (ACS) have stated that because dairy products "may lower the risk of some cancers and possibly increase the risk of others, the ACS does not make specific recommendations on dairy food consumption for cancer prevention." It has been suggested that consumption of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF 1) in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer. However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF 1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers". A 2019 review concluded that higher quality research was needed to characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of and/or cancer related mortality. A 2021 umbrella review found strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer. Fermented dairy is associated with significantly decreased bladder cancer and colorectal cancer risk. A 2023 review found no association between consumption of dairy products and breast cancer.

The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends that people replace full fat dairy products with nonfat and low fat dairy products. In 2017, the AMA stated that there is no high quality clinical evidence that cheese consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease. In 2021, they stated that "taken together, replacing full fat dairy products with nonfat and low fat dairy products and other sources of unsaturated fat shifts the composition of dietary patterns toward higher unsaturated to saturated fat ratios that are associated with better cardiovascular health". Their position paper stated that "the evidence overall suggests dairy products can be included in a heart healthy eating pattern and choosing reduced fat dairy over full fat dairy reduces risk for some, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors". In 2019 the National Heart Foundation of Australia published a position statement on full fat dairy products, "Based on current evidence, there is not enough evidence to recommend full fat over reduced fat products or reduced fat over full fat products for the general population. For people with elevated cholesterol and those with existing coronary heart disease, reduced fat products are recommended." The position statement also noted that the "evidence for milk, yoghurt and cheese does not extend to butter, cream, ice cream and dairy based desserts; these products should be avoided in a heart healthy eating pattern".

Consumption of dairy products such as low fat and whole milk have been associated with an increased acne risk, however, there is no conclusive evidence. Fermented and low fat dairy products are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes. Consumption of dairy products are also associated with a decreased risk of gout. A 2023 review found that higher intake of dairy products is significantly associated with a lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

Some groups avoid dairy products for non health related reasons. Some religions restrict or do not allow the consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows. Orthodox Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 14:21. Veganism is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to the ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The ethical reasons for avoiding meat and dairy products include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production. According to a report of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010 the dairy sector accounted for 4 percent of global human made greenhouse gas emissions. Growing awareness of dairy products' environmental impact, specifically greenhouse gas emissions, is leading to many people reducing or avoiding dairy. In the EU, dairy is repsonsible for 27% of all diet related emissions, on average, while plant based milks cause 2.5 4.5 times fewer emissions.