Уильям Форрест Винтер: Миссисипи саяхаты

American attorney and politician

William Forrest Winter (February 21, 1923 – December 18, 2020) was an American attorney and politician who served as 58th governor of Mississippi from 1980 to 1984. A member of the Democratic Party, he also served as the lieutenant governor, state treasurer, state tax collector, and in the Mississippi House of Representatives. Born the son of a legislator and school teacher in Grenada, Mississippi, Winter was educated at the University of Mississippi. He enlisted in the United States Army after graduation and assumed responsibility for training troops before being posted to the Philippines. Upon his return to the United States, Winter enrolled in law school and became increasingly involved in politics, winning election to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1947. Re elected twice, he supported bills aimed at governmental reform. Following an unsuccessful bid to become Speaker of the House, in April 1956 he was appointed to the lucrative post of state tax collector. Feeling the office was wasteful, he convinced the legislature to abolish it and was elected state treasurer in 1963. He also became the chair of the board of trustees of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History in 1969, which he served as until 2007. Winter launched an unsuccessful campaign in the 1967 gubernatorial election. He was elected as lieutenant governor in 1971, and made another unsuccessful bid to become governor in 1975. He was elected to the governorship in the 1979 election, and during his tenure he supported civil service protections for state employees, reformed the judicial appointment process, removed racial considerations from state hiring process, and dealt with continuous budget deficits. Mostly focused on education reform, he pushed the 1982 Education Reform Act through the legislature, which increased spending on public education and established public kindergartens. Winter unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the United States Senate in the 1984 election. Later in his life he taught at the Harvard Institute of Politics, co chaired Bill Clinton's presidential campaigns in the 1992 and 1996 elections, co chaired Clinton's Advisory Board on Race, supported altering the flag of Mississippi, and was awarded the Profile in Courage Award before his death in 2020.

William Forrest Winter was born on February 21, 1923, in Grenada, Mississippi, United States as the son of Mississippi state legislator and cotton broker William Aylmer Winter and school teacher Inez Parker. His grandfather, William H. Winter, suggested that he be given the middle name Forrest after Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Almyer Winter was a successful farmer, and amassed around 1,500 acres of land in Grenada County, Mississippi. By the 1930s, the Winters had about a dozen tenant and sharecropping families, most of them black. Almyer had a reputation as a fair landlord and, despite Jim Crow racial segregation, was viewed as friendly by the local black families. William F. Winter's mother homeschooled him for his first year of education, and he was later educated at the one room white Kincannon School on the family property after she was hired by the county government to teach there. Beginning in 1930, Granada County he and other white children in the county were bused into the city of Grenada to attend its more modern school. Winter excelled as a student and served as class president in his senior year of high school, graduating as valedictorian in May 1940. Winter attended the University of Mississippi. As an undergraduate, he was an active member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity; Phi Eta Sigma, a scholarly fraternity; and the International Relations Club. He was elected president of the Hermean Literary Society during his junior year. In the summer of 1942 he worked as a driver for James Eastland's successful United States Senate campaign. He graduated in September 1943. He enrolled in the University of Mississippi School of Law in the fall of 1946 after serving in United States Army. While there he was elected president of the Omicron Delta Kappa leadership fraternity and chaired its speaker's forum. He also chaired a history club and was elected freshman class president, though his bid to become the law school's student body president failed. From 1948 to 1949 he served as editor in chief of the Mississippi Law Journal. He graduated in May 1949 with the Phi Delta Phi Award.

Immediately after receiving his undergraduate degree, Winter and several of his classmates enlisted in the army with the hopes of fighting in World War II. He was assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment and went to Camp Blanding, Florida for basic training. He performed well and after six weeks was made acting corporal of a squad. At the end of basic training he and other University of Mississippi alumni were posted to Oxford, Mississippi, to participate in the Army Specialist Training Program. Shortly after the Normandy landings, he was accepted into a class at the Officer Candidate School at Fort Benning, Georgia. Winter graduated first in his officer training class, becoming a second lieutenant. Thereafter he was assigned to the Infantry Replacement Training Center at Fort McClellan, Alabama and was tasked with commanding a platoon of the First Regiment, an all black, white officered unit undergoing basic training. The army officially maintained a policy of racial nondiscrimination, and while Winter was generally successful in following these instructions, he tended to have more difficulty commanding northern blacks resentful of orders from a southern white. He did well as an instructor, but was dismayed that he was not seeing conflict and that there was a strong likelihood the black troops he commanded would only be assigned to noncombat roles. Over time, he gradually befriended a few of his black comrades, and began to consider "how unreal was the world in which I had grown up, the segregated world." By the time Winter was up for reassignment in the summer of 1945, the war had ended. In late September, he was sent to the Philippines and, upon arrival, attached to the 24th Replacement Depot. Shortly thereafter he was made assistant aide de camp to Major General Frederick Elwood Uhl in Manila. At his request, he was reassigned to the 86th Infantry Division. In this capacity he was responsible for assisting efforts to keep the troops occupied and to reestablish communication and transportation networks. As the army began demobilizing its forces in early 1946, Winter became responsible for managing soldiers' departure. He returned to the United States two weeks after Philippine independence was granted on July 4, 1946. He left his first stint in the army still supporting white supremacy, but having been around black soldiers, was increasingly doubtful of the merits of Jim Crow segregation. In June 1951 Winter was called upon by the government to return to active duty, due to the outbreak of the Korean War. He was stationed at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, where he attended to court martials and trained a support regiment. Upon hearing of his father suffering a heart attack in October 1951, he applied for a hardship discharge, which was granted two months later. With the elder Winter's health in decline, he took over most responsibilities for managing the family farm in Grenada County. Winter joined the 31st Infantry Division of the Mississippi National Guard in 1953, where he served until his retirement with the rank of major in 1957.

When he was eight years old, Winter accompanied his father to the Mississippi State Senate in Jackson and watched debates on the Senate floor. They also attended the inauguration of Governor Martin Sennet Conner and met the governor the following day. The trip made an impression on him and piqued his interest in politics. By the time he was in high school he had open ambitions to become an elected official. Unlike his father, Winter supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal platform and saw the president's actions as proof "that politics is a worthy profession". While stationed in the Philippines, he wrote to his father to discuss his chances at having a political career.

After completing his first year in law school, Winter returned to his family's home in the summer of 1947 to launch his campaign for a seat in the Mississippi House of Representatives, which was then held by Ed McCormick. He campaigned mostly by printing handbills, visiting homes, and delivering a few speeches. He also became acquainted with Judge John C. Stennis. Winter won the Democratic primary against McCormick, 2,160 votes to 597 and won in the general election. That year U. S. Senator Theodore Bilbo died and Stennis campaigned to replace him in the special election. Winter led a university student "Stennis for Senate" group and actively campaigned for the judge. Stennis won and became lifelong friends with Winter. Winter was seated in the legislature in January 1948. For the duration of his tenure he lodged at the Edwards Hotel and wrote a political column for the Grenada County Weekly. His father offered him frequent advice on legislative matters and political etiquette. Probably owing in part to his father's influence, Speaker of the House Walter Sillers Jr. appointed him to several key committees, including Ways and Means, Agriculture, Military Affairs, and one of the Judiciary Committees. He was also made chairman of the Interstate Cooperation Committee, which did little business. Winter and some of his other young freshmen contemporaries sought to use their new positions to push through reforms for the state, though this position placed them in opposition to Siller's conservative leadership of the House. In his first year Winter pursued penal reform, writing a successful bill to separate juvenile and adult inmates at the Mississippi State Penitentiary and backing another measure which required the prison to hire outside guards instead of relying solely on trusties. He worked with three other freshmen to pass a workers' compensation law and supported a relaxation of the state's blue law and an unsuccessful attempt to allow local option consideration of alcohol prohibition. At the time Winter took office, the state was in the throes of the Southern Dixiecrat breakaway from the national Democratic Party over President Harry Truman's consideration of civil rights proposals for blacks. Winter joined most of the legislators in supporting motions to denounce federal civil rights measures. He also supported the holding of a referendum to add a "good moral character" test for voting procedures to the state constitution, which was widely viewed as a mechanic to be used to further disenfranchise blacks. The legislature scheduled the referendum, but the proposal was defeated by the public, who feared its potentially broader implications. Outside of the legislature he generally avoided Dixiecrat activities and did not attend the state's Democratic convention in June 1948 despite being a delegate. He also wrote an analysis of litigation concerning the United States Supreme Court's decision in Smith v. Allwright for the Mississippi Law Journal, in which he concluded that "any attempt through party machinery, unfettered by statutory provisions, to keep negroes from voting will be declared by the federal courts [ ] a violation of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. He voted for the Dixiecrat candidates, Strom Thurmond and Fielding L. Wright in the 1948 United States presidential election, mostly as a gesture of loyalty to Wright, who was a colleague of his father's. He later explained his legislative support for Jim Crow by saying that any attempt to oppose it "would have killed me in politics forever." Having earned his law degree in 1949, Winter established a practice in Grenada, though he struggled to find clients. Later in the summer Stennis asked him to join his staff in Washington, D. C., and he agreed to do so at the end of the 1950 state legislative session. During that session he coauthored a bill to fund the establishment of the University of Mississippi Medical Center and another to establish a commission to study government reorganization. He also supported a "Subversive Act" introduced amid Cold War fears of communist infiltration of government, which would require all state workers to sign a loyalty pledge. During the discussions following the bill's introduction, one representative rose to denounce several professors at the University of Mississippi for "socialistic" teachings, including Winter's friend and former instructor, history professor Jim Silver. Winter stood in defense of Silver and warned against "an irresponsible witch hunt" at the university. Winter joined Stennis' staff upon the session's end and joined him in Washington during the United States Congress' 1950 session. Upon Congress' adjournment, he returned home and married Elise Varner, whom he had dated for four years, on October 10. They had three daughters together. Upon Congress' reconvening, Winter researched statehood matters in preparation for measures to consider granting state status to the Territory of Alaska and the Territory of Hawaii, though these measures were later quashed. After initial doubts, Winter resolved to seek re election to the legislature in 1951, and did so without opposition. Upon his return in the 1952 session, he was appointed chairman of the Agriculture Committee, which produced a law that offered loans to farmers seeking to expanding their poultry and livestock operations. He also introduced two unsuccessful judicial reform bills. During the 1954 session he cosponsored a bill to establish Hugh White State Park and Carver Point State Park, the latter being the first state park for blacks. In 1954 Winter was invited to a public meeting in Greenwood organized by white residents in response to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, ordering public schools across the country to integrate. Attendees at the meeting advocated massive resistance to the court order, suggesting that Mississippi should abolish its public school system to avoid desegregation. Winter stood to say that while he supported segregation, he disapproved of ending the public school system, saying "Supreme Court is not going to let us get by with that". Unnerved by the cold response to his remarks, he left the meeting convinced he had to make "no pretense about not being for segregation," though he subsequently refused an invitation to join a segregationist Citizens' Council in Grenada, saying "I don't know where that's going." In the legislature he remained generally supportive of racial segregation, though he disavowed certain attempts to block integration which he thought completely lacked constitutional basis. He reluctantly backed a referendum which empowered the legislature to close schools when education funding increases were jeopardized and abstained on a vote to strengthen the state's literacy tests for voting registration. He joined several other representatives in voting against a measure to censure journalist Hodding Carter for his criticism of Citizens' Councils. Although he was disillusioned with the legislature's focus on contentious racial issues, Winter resolved to seek re election in 1955 and won. He actively campaigned for the election of James P. Coleman as governor, who he viewed as more moderate on race. During this time Winter and other younger lawmakers began mulling over the possibility of challenging Sillers' speakership, feeling he held too much power and allowed the House to be distracted by unimportant business. Coleman visited Winter in Grenada and expressed his displeasure with Sillers, and advised Winter to seek out support for a speakership bid. In mid June Winter publicly declared that he would seek the speakership. While Coleman became the governor elect, Sillers shored up his own support. Sillers offered to guide Coleman's legislative program through the House if he remained out of the speakership race. Coleman advised Winter that he could not publicly support him and urged him to concede. Winter pressed on with his quest when the legislature reconvened in January 1956. In the vote for the speakership he lost, earning 40 votes in comparison to 94 votes for Sillers. Sillers retaliated by stripping Winter's supporters of most important committee assignments; Winter was reappointed to the Agriculture Committee but was not made its chair. With Sillers in control of the House, it again turned its attention to racial matters. Winter abstained on several votes and attempted to amend some measures without success.

During the last week the state house was in session in March 1956, State Tax Collector Nellah Massey Bailey died. The position was one of the highest paid positions in Mississippi as it was tasked with collecting a "black market tax" since 1944. The office brought in large streams of revenue, mostly from illegal liquor sales, of which the office was entitled to keep ten percent. Many legislators speculated about who would be appointed to the vacant post. Coleman, apologetic about not supporting Winter in his bid for the speakership, summoned the legislator and offered him the job, knowing that it would provide him with a large income and give him a platform from which he could make future bids for statewide office. Winter accepted, and the appointment was announced two days later. Winter assumed the office in April 1956 and closed his law practice. While Mississippi was officially a dry state, enforcement of alcohol prohibitions were so haphazard and irregular across different jurisdictions that liquor sales were essentially treated as a local option issue, and the state hosted thousands of establishments that sold alcohol. Enforcement of the black market tax was simple for Winter's office. He employed a few deputy tax collectors, a secretary, and a bookkeeper. Most of Mississippi's liquor was imported from Louisiana, and the two states' governments had earlier reached an agreement whereby Mississippi supplied Louisiana some funds in exchange for the latter providing a list of all Mississippian liquor purchasers. Supplied with this information, the deputy tax collectors would visit the bootleggers who had purchased liquor and apply a standard fee for cases of wine and liquor. Most bootleggers complied with the tax. Paying the tax did not exempt bootleggers from enforcement of dry laws, and Winter's office would supply certifications of black market tax payments as evidence of bootlegging to law enforcement officials upon request. Winter accumulated a significant income while serving as tax collector. In 1958 his office brought in a record $1.3 million in revenue. Of this, the office received $130,000, and, after paying about $67,000 to cover his staff's salaries and other office expenses, he pocketed the rest. Winter averaged between $60,000 and $80,000 in personal income per year he held the office and cumulatively acquired about $600,000 throughout his seven and a half year tenure. A 1962 feature in Life stated that he was the second highest remunerated public official in the country, with the President of the United States being the first. Some of Winter's opponents later asserted that his time as tax collector enabled him to become immensely wealthy. This was an exaggeration, though the tax collector's income enabled his family to live comfortably. Upon assuming control of the office, Winter promised to have it abolished. He felt the post was unnecessary and inefficient, and that its duties should be assigned to the State Tax Commission. He informed some legislators of his wish, but no action was taken towards the dissolution of the office in the legislature's 1958 session. This was due to the opposition of the head of the tax commission, who wanted to dissociate himself from the black market tax, fears among legislators that such an action would provoke wider debates about the liquor issue, and the alleged opposition of other legislators, including Sillers, that the dissolution of the office with Winter's support would amount to a victory for a political opponent. Winter decided to run for re election in 1959. In January of that year circuit court Judge Sebe Dale, an avowed prohibitionist, denounced the tax collector office's arrangement with Louisiana as a felony conspiracy to violate state liquor laws and asked a Lamar County grand jury to indict Winter. The jury failed to indict him, but Dale declared he would ask a grand jury in each county on his circuit to indict the state tax collector. When Dale held court in Lawrence County later in February, Winter snuck into the court room as Dale presented the case for an indictment to a grand jury. When Dale finished, Winter rose and asked for permission to argue his case to the jury. The judge refused, but the jury requested his argument. Winter explained to the jurors how the black market tax worked, stated that his actions were pursuant to the duties of his office as laid out by the legislature, highlighted the additional revenue raised by the tax, and asked for them to vote for his re election. The jury failed to return an indictment and Dale ceased his quest against Winter. Winter faced nine opponents in his re election bid, most of them arguing that he had had his "turn" in the high paying office. He used $50,000 of his own money to fund his campaign, often by showing up at local television stations to buy air time, and then walking on set to deliver a campaign pitch in a live broadcast. Winter failed to win an outright majority in the first primary, but won a runoff against John Whitfield Birdsong largely due to his more prominent public presence. In April 1957 he was appointed to the board of trustees of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. He was elected president of the board in 1969, and served in that capacity until 2007. An active political figure, Winter traveled across the state to deliver speeches and make appearances. In this capacity he found the political situation necessitated that he offer a public position on racial issues and segregation. Though privately disagreeing with white extremism and massive resistance to federal integration efforts in favor of more subtle delay, he publicly supported segregation and otherwise tried to avoid addressing the issue. He cofounded a group of moderates, the Young Democrats, to serve as a counterweight to more extremists factions, though it gained little influence. He supported John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign during the 1960 presidential election despite an insurgent candidacy based on segregation headed by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett. Following the Ole Miss riot of 1962, Winter began seeking out a more moderate approach for the state to address federal integration. At a public gathering at All Saints' College he stated that Mississippi required a leader "who can successfully turn his people from a preoccupation with the race issue and the supercharged emotions of fear, anxiety, and hate which that issue suggests" in favor of pursuing economic development and "an effective educational system". Winter later resumed his quest to have his position abolished and received support for the idea from the new head of the state tax commission. His opponents in the legislature also figured that it was more politically beneficial to allow Winter to take the credit for dissolving an unnecessary post than to let him remain in office and accumulate more money for future political campaigns. In 1962 the legislature passed a measure which would abolish the office and assign its responsibilities to the State Tax Commission effective January 1964, the end of Winter's term. He praised the action as "a step forward in state administration" and projected that the abolition could save the state $250,000.

With his tenure as tax collector soon to end, Winter considered turning to full time legal practice before ultimately deciding to run in 1963 for Mississippi State Treasurer. He faced B. G. Jones and Charlie Mosby in the Democratic primary. He spent three months travelling the state to give stump speeches, and won the primary with 60 percent of the vote, winning eighty one of Mississippi's eighty two counties. As treasurer, Winter was tasked with managing the distribution of funds across the state government. He was also in charge of issuing state bonds, though he encountered difficulty in selling them on New York financial markets due to Mississippi's lackluster national reputation for its opposition to civil rights. Winter encouraged the racial integration of Fondren Church, of which he was a member. He was in Washington, D. C., when he learned that President Kennedy had been assassinated. Winter was initially angered to learn that some Mississippian segregationists were pleased by this development, but later expressions of mourning throughout the state led him to conclude that a "basic decency" prevailed in the state and could be used to challenge white racial extremism. As violent resistance to desegregation increased, white moderates in Mississippi increasingly began seeking out a more middling strategy to deal with race issues and viewed Winter as a possible leader. By early 1965 he had begun public appealing to Mississippians to stop resisting federal civil rights measures, saying to one gathering that the state needed "to lay aside old slogans and myths". That summer Winter attended the Neshoba County Fair. After a string of other politicians criticized the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he addressed the fairgoers to attack the "rash and reckless defiance by a political leadership that would invite bloodshed and the destruction of our institutions [ ] Our state needs as never before the constructive leader who will find the solution who will find the way, not the despairing critic who knows only the voice of alarm." In the latter portion of 1967 he oversaw the sale of a $130 million bond issue to support Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula. He left the treasurer's office in 1968.

Winter announced his candidacy in the 1967 gubernatorial election in January 1967, despite his own doubts about the potential of a candidate with a moderate position on race. Former governor Barnett (who had been out of office the four previous years due to limits on gubernatorial succession), radio personality Jimmy Swan, and prosecutor Bill Waller also ran in the primary. Early polling showed Winter running second to Barnett. Many Mississippians opposed a second Barnett term and recruited Congressman John Bell Williams, a segregationist with a reputation as an effective campaigner, to run, much to Winter's disappointment. Winter ran by emphasizing his Mississippian roots and experience in government, and promised to improve education and job opportunities. His campaign also produced some of the first modern television political advertisements in the state's history. Incumbent governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. did not endorse any candidates, but was rumored to favor Winter. An April poll showed Winter leading the primary with forty five percent of the vote, with Williams following at thirty one percent. Despite occasional jeering at public appearances accusing him of being a "nigger lover", he tried to avoid discussing race early on in the campaign, instead saying he wanted to focus on "bread and butter issues, not the old emotional ones—not racial issues." None of the other candidates planned to openly appeal to the black electorate despite the passage of the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 having enabled the registration of thousands of new black voters in the state.

With his time as governor coming to an end, Winter briefly considered accepting an appointment as chancellor of the University of Mississippi before deciding against it. After finishing his term he ran for a seat in the United States Senate against Republican incumbent Thad Cochran at the urging of national Democrats eager to recapture control of the U. S. Senate. He announced his campaign on February 6, 1984, and campaigned little before primary, in which he easily defeated three challengers for the nomination. Despite this, many of his regular supporters had backed Cochran, and Winter was unenthusiastic in campaigning. The goals of the body were to study race relations and make recommendations to the president on ending racism. At the suggestion of Winter and Charles W. Pickering, the University of Mississippi created the Institute for Racial Reconciliation, which was renamed in Winter's honor in 2003. In 2009 he said in a speech, "I have to admit I could not stand up to the pressure for being in public life in Mississippi and come out four square for the elimination of segregation and for that I apologize today." Winter argued that the flag of Mississippi should be modified to remove its canton of the Confederate battle flag due to its negative national perception. Governor Ronnie Musgrove appointed Winter to chair a commission in 2000 to advise the legislature on what action to take, if any, on the design of the flag. The commission held a series of public hearings around the state to gauge public opinion on the matter. Most were contentious and showed clear divides between whites who supported retaining the current flag and blacks who wanted to change it. The commission also designed an alternative state flag, and recommended that the legislature vote to hold a public referendum to choose between the two flags. Winter originally opposed a referendum, but came to support it after becoming convinced that constituent pressure would keep the legislature from changing the flag themselves. A referendum was held and, in a divide along racial lines, most Mississippians voted to keep the flag. The state legislature voted to remove the canton in 2020, leading Winter to say, "The battle for a better Mississippi does not end with the removal of the flag." In 2001, Winter was accorded the National Education Association's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Award. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History building was named after him in 2003. He was given the Profile in Courage Award by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in 2007, for his work advancing education and racial reconciliation. In 2006 he and a former aide published a collection of his writings and speeches, The Measure of Our Days. In January 2008, the board of trustees of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History declared him a trustee emeritus of the organization. He conducted fundraising efforts and lobbied the legislature to back the construction of the Museum of Mississippi History and the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum, both of which opened in 2017 as the Two Mississippi Museums. Due to the limitations of the COVID 19 pandemic, a public funeral was not held. The Two Mississippi Museums hosted an event on May 3, 2022, to commemorate Winter and his wife.

Academic James G. Thomas Jr. wrote, "Governor Winter's legacy is a complex web of sometimes seemingly conflicting politics". Historian Charles C. Bolton wrote, "He made mistakes. He sometimes took actions that were politically expedient or adopted stands he thought necessary to protect a future political career. Yet William Winter steadfastly used his political offices to further the public interest, and his work in the public arena in the more than twenty five years after he left politics continued that same objective. Our democracy could benefit from more leaders who would emulate the career of William F. Winter." Mabus described him as "the greatest governor Mississippi has ever had". Academic Maarten Zwiers called him "one of the most successful progressive governors in the history of Mississippi." Historian Tony Badger wrote, "many now see Winter as the most successful governor in Mississippi's history. But he was not then, and is not now, universally admired." Winter is broadly remembered in Mississippi as its "education governor" for his work on education reform. Historian David Sansing wrote that "he will be most remembered for the Education Reform Act of 1982". Authors Jere Nash and Andy Taggart credited Winter with having "perfected the use of a special session to focus the public's attention on a single issue". Reform continued to dominate political activity in Mississippi for over a decade after Winter's departure from office until falling out of favor in the 1990s as conservatives such as Kirk Fordice became increasingly predominant. His papers are kept by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.