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Prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), U. S. state constitutional amendments banning same sex unions of several different types passed, banning legal recognition of same sex unions in U. S. state constitutions, referred to by proponents as "defense of marriage amendments" or "marriage protection amendments." These state amendments are different from the proposed Federal Marriage Amendment, which would ban same sex marriage in every U. S. state, and Section 2 of the Defense of Marriage Act, more commonly known as DOMA, which allowed the states not to recognize same sex marriages from other states. The amendments define marriage as a union between one man and one woman and prevent civil unions or same sex marriages from being legalized, though some of the amendments bar only the latter. The Obergefell decision in June 2015 invalidated these state constitutional amendments insofar as they prevented same sex couples from marrying, even though the actual text of these amendments remain written into the state constitutions. Thirty one U. S. state constitutional amendments banning legal recognition of same sex unions have been adopted. Of these, ten make only same sex marriage unconstitutional; sixteen make both same sex marriage and civil unions unconstitutional; two make same sex marriage, civil unions, and other contracts unconstitutional; and one is unique. Hawaii's amendment is unique in that it does not make same sex marriage unconstitutional; rather, it allows the state to limit marriage to opposite sex couples. Virginia's amendment prevents the state from recognizing private contracts that "approximate" marriage. Observers have pointed out that such language encompasses private contracts and medical directives. Furthermore, the Michigan Supreme Court has held that the state's amendment bans not only same sex marriage and civil unions, but also domestic partnership benefits such as health insurance. On November 3, 2020, Nevada became the first U. S. state to repeal its amendment banning same sex marriage following approval of 2020 Nevada Question 2. State constitutional amendments are typically approved first by the legislature or special constitutional convention and then by the voters in a referendum. In some states, one or both of these steps is repeated. The percentages shown in the list are results from the referendum stage, not the legislative stage.

The idea of extending marriage rights to same sex couples did not become a political issue in the United States until the 1990s. During that decade, several Western European countries legalized civil unions, and in 1993 the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled in Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993), that refusing to grant marriage licenses to same sex couples was sex discrimination under that state's constitution. In response, voters passed Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2. This amendment differed from future marriage amendments in other states as it did not ban same sex marriage itself, but merely empowered the state legislature to enact such a ban. In November 1998, 69% of Hawaii voters approved the amendment, and the state legislature exercised its power to ban same sex marriage. Only three constitutional bans on same sex unions (in Alaska, Nebraska, and Nevada) were proposed between 1998 and 2003. All three amendments passed. In Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's November 2003 decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, the court legalized same sex marriage in Massachusetts. Social and religious conservatives feared that their own state supreme courts would issue such rulings at some point in the future; in order to prevent this, they proposed additional constitutional bans on same sex marriage. The following year, eleven constitutional referendums banning same sex unions were placed on state ballots. On April 3, 2009, Nate Silver post his model of the predicted years that each of the 50 states would vote against a marriage ban, with the last one being Mississippi in 2024.

State referendums on constitutional bans of same sex unions have at times been accused of having been used as a "get out the vote" tactic by some Republicans and social conservatives. When voters see that a particular legislative initiative appears on the ballot, they are thought to feel more motivated to turn out to vote, enhancing ballot numbers for other candidates and issues of their party. The presence of these amendments on state ballots has been credited by some as supposedly providing a boost to Republicans in the 2004 election, and the 2004 Ohio amendment in particular has been cited as aiding President George W. Bush's reelection campaign by motivating evangelical social conservatives in the state to go to the polls. President George W. Bush's close political consultant, Karl Rove, has been an enthusiastic proponent and organizer of legislation banning same sex unions. After the 2006 elections some activists argued that such referendums were starting to lose their potential to mobilize conservative voters. Kevin Cathcart, director of Lambda Legal pointed to the narrow defeat of Arizona's Proposition 107, which would have rendered civil unions as well as same sex marriage unconstitutional. Nevertheless, that same election saw seven such amendments pass; these seven included an amendment in Virginia which banned civil unions as well as same sex marriages.

Most U. S. state constitutional amendments banning same sex unions banned civil unions as well as same sex marriage. Two marriage amendments differed greatly from all others: Hawaii's and Virginia's. The former gave the Hawaii state legislature the authority to ban same sex marriages but did not explicitly make such unions unconstitutional. Virginia's amendment not only banned same sex marriage and civil unions, but arguably rendered any state recognition of private contracts entered into by unmarried couples unconstitutional.

State Year Support vote % Title Amendment (in relevant part)Alaska199868%Ballot Measure 2, Joint Resolution 42Mississippi200486%Mississippi Amendment 1Missouri200472%Constitutional Amendment 2To be valid and recognized in this state, a marriage shall exist only between a man and a woman. Montana200467%Oregon200457%Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or legally recognized as a marriage. Colorado200656%Colorado Amendment 43Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. The historical institution and legal contract solemnizing the relationship of one man and one woman shall be the only legally recognized marital contract in this state. Arizona Proposition 102Only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in this state. Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California. Initiative Measure 416Arkansas200475%(1) Marriage consists only of the union of one man and one woman. (2) Legal status for unmarried persons which is identical or substantially similar to marital status shall not be valid or recognized in Arkansas. Georgia200476%(a) This state shall recognize as marriage only the union of man and woman. Marriages between persons of the same sex are prohibited in this state. (b) No union between persons of the same sex shall be recognized by this state as entitled to the benefits of marriage. Kentucky200475%Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Kentucky. A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized. Louisiana200478%Marriage in the state of Louisiana shall consist only of the union of one man and one woman. No official or court of the state of Louisiana shall construe this constitution or any state law to require that marriage or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon any member of a union other than the union of one man and one woman. A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized. North Dakota200473%Marriage consists only of the legal union between a man and a woman. No other domestic union, however denominated, may be recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equivalent legal effect. Ohio200462%Only a union between one man and one woman may be a marriage valid in or recognized by this state. This state and shall not create or recognize a legal status for relationships of unmarried individuals that intends to approximate the design, qualities, significance or effect of marriage. Oklahoma200476%A. Marriage in this state shall consist only of the union of one man and one woman. Neither this Constitution nor any other provision of law shall be construed to require that marital status or the legal incidents thereof be conferred upon unmarried couples or groups. C. Any person knowingly issuing a marriage license in violation of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Utah200466%Marriage consists only of the legal union between a man and a woman. No other domestic union, however denominated, may be recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equivalent legal effect. Kansas200570%Proposed Amendment 1(a) Marriage shall be constituted by one man and one woman only. All other marriages are declared to be contrary to the public policy of this state and are void. (b) No relationship, other than a marriage, shall be recognized by the state as entitling the parties to the rights or incidents of marriage. Texas200576%Proposition 2Alabama200681%Sanctity of Marriage Amendment (Amendment 774)No marriage license shall be issued in the State of Alabama to parties of the same sex
A union replicating marriage of or between persons of the same sex in the State of Alabama or in any other jurisdiction shall be considered and treated in all respects as having no legal force or effect in this state and shall not be recognized by this state as a marriage or other union replicating marriage. group=lower alpha|South Carolina's Amendment explicitly disavows a Virginia type regime that would affect private contracts: "This section shall not prohibit or limit parties, other than the State or its political subdivisions, from entering into contracts or other legal instruments. "South Dakota200652%Wisconsin200659%Florida200862%Inasmuch as marriage is the legal union of one man and one woman as husband and wife, no other legal union that is treated as marriage or the substantial equivalent thereof shall be valid or recognized. Amendment 1Marriage between one man and one woman is the only domestic legal union that shall be valid or recognized in this State. This section does not prohibit a private party from entering into contracts with another private party; nor does this section prohibit courts from adjudicating the rights of private parties pursuant to such contracts.

State Year Support vote % Title AmendmentMichigan200459%To secure and preserve the benefits of marriage for our society and for future generations of children, the union of one man and one woman in marriage shall be the only agreement recognized as a marriage or similar union for any purpose. Virginia200657%Marshall Newman Amendment

State Year Support vote % Title Amendment (in relevant part)Nevada2000, 2002, 202069.6%, 67.1%,62%2002 Nevada Question 22020 Nevada Question 2: "1. The State of Nevada and its political subdivisions shall recognize marriages and issue marriage licenses to couples regardless of gender. 2. Religious organizations and members of the clergy have the right to refuse to solemnize a marriage, and no person has the right to make any claim against a religious organization or member of the clergy for such a refusal. 3. All legally valid marriages must be treated equally under the law."

Arizona Proposition 107 – On November 7, 2006, Arizona rejected a constitutional amendment banning same sex marriage and civil unions by 51.8% of the vote. Two years later Arizona voters approved a more narrow amendment banning only same sex marriage. Minnesota Amendment 1 – On November 6, 2012, Minnesota rejected a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage with 51.90% of the electorate opposed. A majority of all votes cast would be required to amend the state constitution.

On June 26, 2015 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell that state laws banning same sex marriage violate the Fourteenth Amendment, rendering such laws unconstitutional and invalidating the remaining 14 same sex marriage bans still being fully or partially enforced. As of 2016, bills have been introduced in Virginia and other states to legislatively repeal the null and void amendments.