Хезболланың «Әл-Манар» телеарнасы: Тарихы мен дауыстың таралуы

Lebanese television station affiliated with Hezbollah
the former Egyptian Islamic magazine

Al Manar (المنار) is a Lebanese satellite television station owned and operated by the political party Hezbollah, broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon. The channel was launched on 4 June 1991 and it is a member of the Arab States Broadcasting Union. The station is considered one of Hezbollah's most important global propaganda tools and reaches around 50 million people. Al Manar was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity", and banned by the United States on 17 December 2004. On 22 June 2021, the official Al Manar website domain as well as dozens of other Arab news network domains related to Iran, Lebanon and Syria were shut down by the U. S. government for spreading disinformation and in cooperation with the U. S. government, Al Manar is banned from multiple U. S based media platforms which include YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Reddit etc. Al Manar TV spreads calls for the destruction of Israel and anti Semitic incitement. Spain, and Germany, and has run into some service and license problems outside Lebanon, making it unavailable in the Netherlands, Canada, and Australia, while it has not officially been banned in any of these regions.

Al Manar first began terrestrial broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon on 4 June 1991. In 2000 the station also began broadcasting via satellite. The station was located in the predominantly Shi'a neighborhood of Haret Hreik in the southern suburbs of Beirut, where the Hezbollah is also headquartered. In 1996, the Lebanese government granted broadcasting licenses to only five television stations, not including Al Manar. Approximately 50 stations were forced to close at the time. Several stations appealed the government's decision, but only four of them were finally granted licenses, one of which was Al Manar. On 18 September, the Lebanese Cabinet decided to grant Al Manar a license after having been requested to do so by then Syrian president Hafiz al Asad. Al Manar received the license in July 1997. On 24/25 June 1999 the IAF launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the al Manar radio station's offices in a four storey building in Baalbek which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in Kiryat Shmona. According to the US Department of Treasury, Al Manar is the media arm of the Hezbollah. The station manager Muhammad Afif Ahmad, said that Al Manar belongs to Hezbollah culturally and politically. By 2004, Al Manar was estimated to hold 10 15 million viewers daily worldwide.

The channel was continuously struck by missiles during Israeli air raids. The Israeli Air Force attacks on 13 July 2006 led to injury of three employees. The attack on Al Manar's facilities shortly followed another strike against the Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut earlier that morning. Despite the attack, the station remained on air, broadcasting from undisclosed locations. The IDF bombed Al Manar's Beirut complex again on 16 July causing fire in the complex and surrounding buildings. The station's signal disappeared briefly several times, then continued normal programming.

The bombing of media outlets violates international law when they are not being used for military purposes ("it is unlawful to attack facilities that merely shape civilian opinion; neither directly contributes to military operations"), according to Human Rights Watch. This incident has been condemned by the International Federation of Journalists. The Israel Association of Journalists withdrew from the federation due to this criticism, claiming that Al Manar employees "are not journalists, they are terrorists". The New York based Committee to Protect Journalists, has also expressed alarm over the incident as "it (Al Manar) does not appear based on a monitoring of its broadcasts today to be serving any discernible military function, according to CPJ's analysis."

Al Manar's programming consists of 25% music videos and fillers, 25% series and dramas, 25% talk shows, and finally 25% news and family shows. Most of the programming is self produced, although on occasion, programming from IRIB (Iran) is used. The point of view of the programming is strongly anti Israel and anti US. "Appearing on al Manar, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah frequently calls for `Death to America`" and the Statue of Liberty is depicted "as a ghoul, her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand."

The news programming includes much footage from the international press, especially the Israeli. Additionally the station subscribes to the following wire services: Reuters, Associated Press, Agence France Presse, and Deutsche Presse Agentur. It also sources stories from Iranian news agencies such as FARS and IRNA. The station airs eight news bulletins a day in Arabic in addition to one in English and one in French. Several talk shows are regularly aired on al Manar. The best known of these is Beit al ankabut (The Spider's House); its title alludes to a metaphor, Hassan Nasrallah often employs to describe Israel. It is dedicated to uncovering the "weakness of the Zionist entity", i. e. Israel. It attempts to convince the Arab world that Israel could easily be destroyed, for example, by an increase in the Arab population and the implementation of the Palestinian right of return. Further talk shows include Hadith al sa'a (Talk of the Hour), Matha ba'ad (What's Next? ), Ma'al Hadath (With The Event), Bayna Kawsayn (Between The Brackets), Milafat (Files), Al din wa al hayat (Religion and Life), and Nun wa al qalam (The 'Nun' and the Pen). Guests include well known journalists, analysts, writers, Lebanese politicians, spokespersons of terrorist groups, and Islamic scholars, who then discuss current religious, political, and cultural, regional and global topics. Al Manar often airs music videos and fillers in between full length programs and during commercial breaks. The music videos are generally dedicated to the following seven purposes: the promotion of the Hezbollah, highlighting the importance of armed resistance against Israel, the glorification of martyrdom, spreading of anti Americanism, denunciation of Israel and Zionism as the embodiments of terrorism, the appeals for the destruction of Israel, and the depiction of the future of Arab youths. The filler material usually consists of appeals to donate money to the Hezbollah, lists of demonstrations taking place worldwide, and slogans in English, Hebrew, or Arabic. The station also offers sports broadcasting such as the programs Goal and Tis'in daqiqa (Ninety Minutes) , family programming such as Al mustakshifoun al judud (The New Explorers), Al Muslimoun fi al Sin (Muslims in China), and Ayday al khayr (Hands of Benevolence) , game shows including Al mushahid shahid (The Viewer Is the Witness), where contestants attempt to guess the names of Israeli political and military figures, and Al muhima (The Mission) , and even a children's program called Al manr al saghir (The Little Manar), which is in the style of the US show Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, targeting three to seven year olds.

Al Manar was the first TV station to report Hezbollah's condemnation of the 11 September attacks. Other non state attacks against the United States have also been condemned on Al Manar, including the 2000 USS Cole bombing suicide attack against a US Navy destroyer. Al Manar was once described as one of the channels, among other complex reasons, of the spread of Shiism in Syria in the years before 2009. Until the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon, Al Manar's programming political focus was mainly against the Israeli presence in Lebanon. While the withdrawal in May 2000 left a void in the station's programming, Hezbollah and A Manar consider the Shebaa Farms to be Lebanese territory occupied by Israel, and this became a focal point for political programming. In September of that year, the al Aqsa Intifada broke out, and Al Manar began to cover the issue of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict more extensively, overtly propagandizing to support the Palestinian militants.

According to Al Manar's news director, Hassan Fadlallah, Al Manar does not aim to be neutral in its broadcasting, "Neutrality like that of Al Jazeera is out of the question for us," Fadlallah said. "We cover only the victim, not the aggressor. CNN is the Zionist news network, Al Jazeera is neutral, and Al Manar takes the side of the Palestinians He said Al Manar's opposition to neutrality means that, unlike Al Jazeera, his station would never feature interviews or comments by Israeli officials. "We're not looking to interview Sharon," Fadlallah said. "We want to get close to him in order to kill him." As a result, Al Manar was made subject to US sanctions.

One of the satellite providers which has transmitted Al Manar is the French satellite Hot Bird 4, owned by the Eutelsat Satellite organisation. On 13 December 2004, the French Conseil d'État, the highest administrative Court in France, ordered the French based Eutelsat Company to shut down Al Manar broadcasts following accusations that its programmes were anti Semitic and could incite hatred. Al Manar claims the French decision was political and not legal, influenced by Israel and Jewish lobbies. According to German public television ARD 2023, the station broadcasts calls for the destruction of Israel and anti Semitic incitement. This particularly includes statements from Hamas as well as from leaders of the Islamist Hezbollah organization in Lebanon. Hashem Safieddine, chairman of the Hezbollah Executive Council, used the channel to warn US President Joe Biden, Israel's Prime Minister President Netanyahu and the "evil Europeans" about his organization. Al Manar TV makes videos and texts with anti Semitic stereotypes such as the conspiracy pamphlet "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" or the glorification of suicide bombers accessible worldwide. Javed Iqbal, a resident of New York City is the first person to charged under this law. Iqbal, 45, a Pakistani who had been living in the U. S. for more than 25 years, was charged by federal prosecutors with providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization by broadcasting Al Manar to U. S. customers, in exchange for thousands of dollars payment. In a 2008 plea bargain, he agreed to serve a prison term of up to 6 1/2 years. Saleh Elahwal, who also operates HDTV, was also charged and went on trial 5 January 2009. Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, says it's constitutional for the government to outlaw businesses with direct operational ties to terrorist organizations, and media outlets that directly incite and direct violent action, but in this case, the government is trying to stop the spread of ideas. Mark Dubowitz, who founded the Coalition Against Terrorist Media to in part stop Al Manar, said Al Manar was shouting fire in a crowded theater, although Lieberman disagreed with that metaphor. Many, including Radio Netherlands Worldwide Media Network there is no record of application for approval having been made. TARBS World TV voluntarily stopped broadcasting al Manar in Australia on 5 November 2003, 15 days into an investigation by the ABA regarding accusations of "broadcast programs that are likely to incite or perpetuate hatred against or gratuitously vilify any person or group on the basis of their ethnicity, nationality, race or religion". The report for this investigation was never finalised as TARBS had gone into receivership by that time. Al Manar in August 2009 received approval for broadcast by Australian Communications and Media Authority. Al Manar provides a live feed of its programming on the Internet through its website. This effectively circumvents the bans as Al Manar is still available in all the areas it does not broadcast to via satellite.

According to a report by the security company NAGRA and the Digital Citizens Alliance, following an investigation into illegal IPTV services and illicit streaming devices, it indicated that 50% of these services include Al Manar, making it available in countries where the channel has been banned due to links with Hezbollah. On October 26, 2020, the Digital Citizens Alliance released a video warning of terrorist content that could include several of these illegal services, including Al Manar.

On 25 July 2012, Al Manar launched an application through Apple's iTunes app store, directing users to various content produced by the Hezbollah television station, including speeches by Hezbollah leader, Hassan Nasrallah. However, the application was subsequently removed from iTunes and Google Play. Maha Abouelenein, Head of Communications for the Mena at Google, subsequently stated that "We remove applications that violate our policies, such as apps that are illegal or that promote hate speech" although she added that "We don't comment on individual applications – however, you can check out our policies for more." Al Manar TV subsequently blamed "Israeli incitement against Al Manar TV" as the reason Al Manar mobile apps were removed by Apple and Google. An Al Manar TV reporter stated that: "Al Manar TV is once again targeted by America and Israel. The removal of the channel's mobile apps from the Google and Apple stores is a new attempt to curb Al Manar's message of resistance. In a statement issued on 16 August 2012, Al Manar says it is "back on Ipad and Iphone applications via alternative ways, following the campaign carried out by the Jewish Anti Defamation League to deactivate Al Manar applications on smart phones at Google Play and apple store". In an effort to avoid distributor policies and control, the new applications are downloadable directly from Al Manar's website, which is hosted British server.