Ирландия тіліндегі етістік формаларының құрылысы

Irish verb forms are constructed either synthetically or analytically. Synthetic forms express the information about person and number in the ending: e. g., molaim "I praise", where the ending aim stands for "1st person singular present". In this case, a pronoun is not allowed: *molaim mé is ungrammatical. Molann mé is allowed but using the aim ending is more common. Analytic forms are those whose endings contain no information about person and number, and a pronoun is necessary: e. g., molann sibh "you (pl.) praise", where the ending ann expresses only the present tense, and the pronoun sibh "you" (pl.) must accompany it in order to express "2nd person plural". In addition to the three persons, Irish also has an impersonal form (also called the "autonomous" form), which is used in forming the passive and can conveniently be translated with "one" or "someone" as the subject. Shown below are the distribution of synthetic and analytic forms in the standard language; in the dialects, other patterns may be found, although some of the most important distinctions made in certain dialects are pointed out in this article. See Irish orthography for the pronunciation of verb endings.

There are two conjugation classes of regular verbs, as illustrated below. Forms in italics are not part of the standard language. The suffixes shown change to agree with the word ending in a velarised ("broad") consonant or palatalised ("slender") consonant. In the examples below, verbs ending with "broad" consonants are shown above those ending with "slender" consonants. In the imperfect, preterite, and conditional, a consonant initial stem undergoes lenition (and dialectally is preceded by do), while a vowel initial stem is prefixed by d’. A stem beginning with + a vowel takes both, e. g. fan "wait", d'fhan sé "he waited". The preterite impersonal, e. g. fanadh "one waited", neither undergoes lenition nor receives d'. The in future and conditional stems is pronounced ; except in the conditional 2nd person singular and the impersonal, where it remains .

There are eleven irregular verbs in Standard Irish; individual dialects have a few more. Most of them are characterized by suppletion, that is, different roots are used to form different tenses. Analytic forms are indicated by the symbol +. The preterites of many irregular verbs take the nonpreterite forms of preverbal particles, i. e. an (interrogative particle) and ní (negative particle), instead of ar (pret. interrogative particle) and níor (pret. negative particle). Some verbs have different independent and dependent forms in certain tenses; the independent forms are used when no particle precedes the verb, and also after má "if" (open conditional) and the direct relative particle a, while the dependent forms are used after all other particles.

Irish uses a number of preverbal particles to modify the meaning of a sentence. In a positive statement, no particle is used and the verb comes first (except in Munster Irish where do is placed before verbs in the past, habitual past and conditional, leniting the verb that follows). This is still seen in the Standard Language in said tenses, prefixed to verbs beginning with vowels, e. g. d'ól mé (Munster Irish: d'ólas) "I drank":
Tuigeann Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understands Irish." Thuig Seán Gaeilge. "Seán understood Irish." Thuigfeadh Seán Gaeilge. "Seán would understand Irish."

Irish has no infinitive and uses instead the verbal noun. The verbal noun can be formed using different strategies (mostly suffixes). The most common of these are:
Suffix adh, e. g., bog "soften": bogadh
Suffix áil, e. g., fág "leave": fágáil
Suffix ú, e. g., ardaigh "lift": ardú
Suffix amh, e. g., caith "spend": caitheamh
Suffix t, e. g., cosain "defend": cosaint
Suffix úint, e. g., lean "follow": leanúint
Slender consonant is made broad, e. g., coisc "prevent": cosc
Suffix ach, e. g., ceannaigh "buy": ceannach
No change, e. g., ól "drink": ól
Suffix cht, e. g., dúisigh "awake": dúiseacht
Suffix e, e. g., rinc "dance": rince

The verbal noun is used as the infinitive would be used in English. D'iarr sé orm imeacht. "He asked me to go." B'fhearr liom fanacht. "I would rather stay." A progressive can be expressed with the preposition ag and is equivalent to the English present participle. Tá Seán ag obair. "Seán is working." Bhí Máire ag caint. "Máire was speaking." A perfect tense can be formed with either of the compound prepositions tar éis or i ndiaidh and the verbal noun. Tá sí tar éis baint an fhéir. "She has (just) mowed the grass." (cf. Hiberno English "She is after cutting the grass.") Bhí sé i ndiaidh ní na gcupán. "He had (just) washed the cups." (cf. Hiberno English "He was after washing the cups.")