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Mainline railway line in East Anglia, England

details on the routes in the London area
The West Anglia Main Line is one of the two main lines that operate out of (the other being the Great Eastern Main Line to Ipswich and Norwich). It runs generally north through Cheshunt, Broxbourne, Harlow, Bishop's Stortford and (near Saffron Walden) to Cambridge, with branches between serving Stratford, Hertford and Stansted Airport. The line runs along the boundary between Hertfordshire and Essex for much of its length. In the early years, the line was the main route from London to Cambridge. Following the opening of the Cambridge Line between and , the West Anglia Main Line is now primarily a commuter route for stations between Cambridge and London. It was an important goods route for many years as the southern end of a route from coalfields in Yorkshire, and there are still freight trains which run occasionally to Harlow and Rye House Power Station, along with a Network Rail base at Broxbourne.

The first section was built for the Northern and Eastern Railway from Stratford to and opened in 1840. It was extended northwards in stages, reaching Spellbrook, 3 mile (5 km) short of Bishops Stortford, in 1842. In 1843 the line reached , and in the following year the Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway. It was this railway company opened the section from Bishops Stortford to as part of its extension to and in 1845. By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble, and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway. Although they wished to amalgamate formally, they could not obtain government agreement for this until 1862, when the Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed by amalgamation. The opening of the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway in 1882 saw the Great Eastern open up a direct link with coal producing areas in Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire joining the line north of Cambridge at Chesterton Junction, generally routed to the large marshalling yards at Temple Mills. Following the grouping in 1923 the line became part of the London & North Eastern Railway. In 1948 following nationalisation the line passed to British Railways Eastern Region. In 1952 the branch from Elsenham to Thaxted (known as the "Gin & Toffee Line") closed to passengers, and goods services were withdrawn a year later. The Saffron Walden line closed to passengers on 7 September 1964 and to freight three months later. Electrification first came in the early 1960s under British Rail in sections. Electrification to Chingford included the Stratford – Lea Bridge – Hall Farm Junction section (although this was never completed), and the line from Liverpool Street to Broxbourne via Seven Sisters and the Southbury Loop was electrified. The route via Tottenham Hale was still operated by diesel traction, the British Rail Class 125 'Lea Valley' DMUs. The line from Clapton Junction (on the Chingford line) through Tottenham Hale to Cheshunt and from Broxbourne to Bishops Stortford was electrified on 9 March 1969 and from there to Cambridge in 1987. Stratford to Coppermill Junction was electrified in 1989. The power supply is 25 kV AC overhead line. In 1991, a single track branch line to Stansted Airport was opened, and services to London Liverpool Street commenced. In early 2011, ticket barriers were installed at , , Broxbourne, Cheshunt and Hackney Downs, some of the busiest stations on the line, to reduce the need for ticket inspectors on the Stansted Express service and reduce fare evasion. In May 2015, services from to , and via transferred to London Overground, along with a new station opening at In August the same year, a direct covered walkway opened between and on the North London Line. In September 2019, the Lea Valley Rail Project was completed between Lea Bridge, and the new station at This removed the level crossing at , and added a new third platform for both there and , along with a third track. As a result of the new and , platform extensions are necessary at many stations to allow for ten/twelve car trains to stop at stations respectively. However, the class 720 has selective door opening, allowing for some platforms not having to be extended.

Services from Liverpool Street to Cambridge, Hertford East and Stansted Airport are operated by Greater Anglia. Express services from Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport are operated by Stansted Express, a sub brand of Greater Anglia. Services from Stansted Airport to Cambridge (and onward to via ) are operated by CrossCountry. The line is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 5, which comprises SRS 05.01 and part of 05.05. It is classified as a London and South East commuter line. In London, the line forms the Tottenham Hale branch of the Lea Valley Lines.

The line was initially 5 feet gauge, but between 5 September and 7 October 1844 it was converted to
Currently, the line has double track for most of its length, with two exceptions at Stansted Airport Tunnel and at There is also a short section of quadruple track between and , from which the West Anglia Main Line runs alongside the Great Eastern Main Line to as two of six tracks into the termini. The line is electrified at 25 kV AC and has a loading gauge of W8 except for the Stansted branch, which is W6.

Major civil engineering structures on the West Anglia Main Line include the following. +Tunnels and viaducts on the West Anglia Main LineRailway structureLengthDistance from London Liverpool StreetELRLocationLittlebury Tunnel407 yards (372 metres)43 miles 46 chains – 43 miles 27 chainsBGKBetween Great Chesterford and Audley End stationsAudley End Tunnel456 yards (417 metres)43 miles 11 chains – 42 miles 70 chainsAudley End Viaduct41 miles 43 chainsSouth of Audley End stationNewport Viaduct40 miles 36 chainsNorth of Newport stationStansted Airport Tunnel1 mile 184 yards (1778 metres)36 miles 23 chains – 35 miles 15 chainsTLAStansted Airport branchLong Bridge Viaduct (River Stort)19 miles 16 chains (via Clapton)BGKSouth of Roydon stationHoe Street Tunnel71 yards (65 metres)6 miles 52 chains – 6 miles 49 chainsCJCChingford branch, between Wood Street and Walthamstow Central stationsClapton arches (River Lea)6 chains (c. 120 metres)4 miles 35 chains – 4 miles 29 chainsBGKClapton line, north of Clapton stationClapton Tunnel284 yards (260 metres)3 miles 66 chains – 3 miles 53 chainsClapton line, between Clapton and Hackney Downs stationsHackney Downs or Queens Road Tunnel445 yards (407 metres)3 miles 39 chains – 3 miles 19 chainsTheobalds Grove arches10 chains (c. 200 metres)13 miles 51 chains – 13 miles 41 chainsHDTStoke Newington line, Theobalds Grove stationWhite Hart Lane arches10 chains (c. 200 metres)7 miles 03 chains – 6 miles 73 chainsStoke Newington line, south of White Hart Lane stationStoke Newington Tunnel60 yards (55 metres)4 miles 22 chains – 4 miles 19 chainsStoke Newington line, north of Stoke Newington stationBethnal Green – Hackney viaductsc. 2.5 miles (3900 metres)3 miles 43 chains – 1 miles 10 chainsBGKBishopsgate Tunnel627 yards (573 metres)0 miles 56 chains – 0 miles 27 chainsLTN

Throughout the steam era trains were predominantly hauled by Great Eastern Railway (or its constituent companies') locomotives: when steam ended in East Anglia in the 1960s some of these locomotives were still operated – see Stratford TMD and Great Eastern Railway. After the grouping of 1923 LNER designed locomotives were used with the B17 4 6 0 class working many main line services. Following nationalisation in 1948 British Railways introduced the Britannia 4 6 2 class on some main line services until succeeded by diesels in the late 1950s. East Anglia was the first area to be worked completely by diesel trains with Class 31s taking over some express workings. These were succeeded by more powerful Class 37 and Class 47 until full electrification to King's Lynn in the 1980s when Class 86 locomotives took over. Suburban services from about 1958 were operated by Class 125 DMUs, and following the 1969 electrification Class 305 and Class 308 units. Other units from the GE section such as Class 302 and 306 also operated services during this period, with Class 310s temporarily operating once electrification to Cambridge was complete. These first generation units were replaced soon after by Class 315 and Class 317 units. In 2011, new Bombardier Class 379s began operation mainly to replace class 317 from Stansted Express duties to mainline services (which in turn relocated class 315s to inner suburban routes). Class 170 DMUs operate from Stansted Airport north through Cambridge to Birmingham on CrossCountry services. In 2020, new Class 745s were introduced on Stansted Express services, cascading the Class 379s to other WAML services. The delayed Class 720s began to replace both class 317s & class 379s on the route on 25 August 2021, with full fleet replacement on this route completed in August 2022.

It seems likely that two tracks will be built alongside the line to Cheshunt as part of Crossrail 2. Intermediate stations from Tottenham Hale will transfer to Crossrail 2 releasing capacity on the mainline for additional trains. In August 2019, it was announced that funding had been approved for four tracking and related platform construction work between Tottenham Hale and Meridian Water to enable up to 8 trains per hour to make local stops in this section at peak times.