Кіріспе
Жеке технология компаниясы
Private technology company
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) – Сан-Диего, Калифорния штатында орналасқан жеке технология компаниясы. Ол адамсыз ғарыш кемелерінде ұшуға арналған құралдар мен техникалық жабдықтарды жобалайды, әзірлейді және пайдаланады. MSSS-ті бас ғалым және бас директор Майкл С. Малин басқарады. 1990 жылы құрылған компанияның алғашқы миссиясы 1993 жылғы сәтсіз аяқталған Марс обсерваторы болды, олар үшін олар Марс обсерваторы камерасының жердегі деректер жүйесін әзірледі және пайдаланды. Осы миссиядан кейін олар Марс Глобал Сурвейордың негізгі камерасын жеткізуге таңдалды. Сондай-ақ, олар Марс полярлық қондырғышына, Марс климат орбитасына, 2001 жылғы Марс Одиссеясына, Марс барлау орбитасына және Феникс қондырғышына орнатылған камераларды жасады. Олардың ең табысты құралдарының бірі – 1997 жылдың қыркүйегінде Марс орбитасына шығарылған Марс Глобал Сурвейордағы Марс байқау камерасы (MOC) болды. Сол күнден бастап 2006 жылдың қарашасына дейін MOC Марстың 243 000-нан астам суретін түсірді, олардың кейбіреулері өте жоғары сапада болды. MOC-тың маңызды жетістіктерінің бірі – екі Марс зерттеу роверінің қонған жерлерінің суреттерін түсіру (роверлердің бірінің тасталған жылу қалқаны табылды). Олар қонбастан бұрын, MOC-тан алынған суреттер екі ровердің бағытын анықтауда өте пайдалы болды. Тоғыз жылдан астам жұмыс істегеннен кейін Марс Глобал Сурвейор Жерге деректерді жіберуді тоқтатты және ол барлық құралдарымен бірге, соның ішінде MOC-мен бірге жоғалды. 2005 жылдың 12 тамызында ұшырылған Марс барлау орбитасы үшін MSSS Марстың кең бұрышты, күнделікті жаһандық суреттерін түсіретін Марс түсті бейнелеу құралын (MARCI) және алты метрлік ажыратымдылыққа ие Контексттік бейнелеу құралын (CTX) жасады. Марс ғылыми зертханасы 2011 жылы ұшырылды және ол үш MSSS камерасын алып жүреді. MastCam – айналадағы ортаның суреттері мен бейнелерін түсіретін кемедегі негізгі камера. "HandLens Imager" құралдың манипуляторында орналасқан және Марс топырағы мен тау жыныстарының жақыннан түсірілген суреттерін береді. Соңында, Марсқа қонған кездегі суреттерді түсіруге арналған Марс қондыру бейнелеу құралы (MARDI) жоғары сапалы суреттерді түсірді. 2004 жылдың желтоқсанында MSSS Солтүстік-Батыс университетімен келісімшарт бойынша 2008 жылғы Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter миссиясы үшін үш камераны жеткізуге таңдалды. MSSS 2011 жылы ұшырылған Juno Jupiter миссиясы үшін JunoCam құралын жасады. 2014 жылдың шілдесінде NASA MSSS ұсынған Mars 2020 марсоходы миссиясы үшін Mastcam Z ұсынысын таңдағанын жариялады. Бұл түпнұсқа MastCam-нің жақсартылған зумалы нұсқасы.
Private technology company
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Марстағы сұйық су
Private technology company
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
2000 жылдың маусымында Марс бетінің астында судың бар екенін көрсететін дәлелдер табылды, ол су тасқынына ұқсас ойыстар түрінде болды. Бірден туындаған сұрақ: бұл үнемі жалғасып жатқан процесс пе, әлде бұл судың/сұйықтың ағып өтуінің ежелгі және жақсы сақталған дәлелі ме? Көптеген ғалымдар Марста бұрын су ағып өткеніне келіседі. Малиннің камера басқарушылары осы сұраққа жауап беру үшін бірдей жерлердің суреттерін түсірді және 2005 жылғы байқау екі аймақта өзгерістер болғанын көрсетті (яғни, бұл белсенділік қазіргі уақытта болып жатыр және ежелгі емес). 2006 жылдың 6 желтоқсанында MSSS соңғы бес жыл ішінде Марста сұйық су ағып өткеніне дәлел тапқанын жариялады. НАСА баспасөз конференциясында Марс Глобал Сурвейор түсірген суреттер көрсетілді, олар Марс бетінде судың кейде ағатынын көрсетеді. Суреттерде су ағып жатқан жоқ. Керісінше, олар кратерлер мен шөгінділердегі өзгерістерді көрсетті, бұл судың бірнеше жыл бұрын олардың ішінде ағып өткеніне және, мүмкін, қазір де солай болып жатқанына ең мықты дәлел болды. Бұл зерттеу нәтижелері Science журналының 2006 жылғы 8 желтоқсандағы санында жарияланды. Малин Системс өздерінің тапқандарын сипаттайтын бірнеше құжаттарды жариялады:
Терра Сиренумдағы кратердегі жаңа ойыс: осы онжылдықта Марста су ағып өткеніне дәлел? Жер асты сулары Марс ойықтарындағы эрозияға жауапты сұйықтық көзі деген гипотезаны қолдау. Жаңа ойыстар неге құрғақ емес?
Private technology company
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
2006 жылғы желтоқсан айындағы мақаладан бұрын кейбір зерттеушілер сұйық су ғарыш кемесі көрген беттік ерекшеліктерге жауапты деп күмәнмен қарады. Олар құм немесе шаң сияқты басқа материалдар сұйықтық сияқты ағып, ұқсас нәтижелерге жететініне сендірді. Қазіргі уақытта (2006 жылдың соңында) ағынды су гипотезасы берік болып көрінеді, бірақ қосымша дәлелдер қажет. Толығырақ ақпарат алу үшін Life on Mars қараңыз.
Private technology company
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) is a San Diego, California based private technology company that designs, develops, and operates instruments and technical equipment to fly on uncrewed spacecraft. MSSS is headed by chief scientist and CEO Michael C. Malin. Founded in 1990, their first mission was the failed 1993 Mars Observer for which they developed and operated the Mars Observer Camera Ground Data System. After this mission they were selected to provide the main camera for Mars Global Surveyor. They also developed the cameras that were carried on Mars Polar Lander, Mars Climate Orbiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Phoenix lander. One of the most successful of their instruments to date was the Mars Observer Camera (MOC), on board the Mars Global Surveyor placed into orbit around Mars in September 1997. From that date until November 2006, the MOC took more than 243,000 images of Mars, some at very high resolution. Among the MOCs notable successes was the imaging of the landing sites of the two Mars Exploration Rovers (the discarded heatshield of one of the rovers was located). Even before they landed, images from the MOC were very useful in picking the destinations of the two rovers. After more than nine years of active duty, the Mars Global Surveyor ceased sending data back to Earth and it is now lost along with all its instruments, including the MOC. For the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched on August 12, 2005, MSSS built the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) which takes wide angle, daily global views of Mars and the Context Imager (CTX) which has a six metre resolution. The Mars Science Laboratory was launched in 2011 and it carries three MSSS cameras. The MastCam is the main camera on board taking still and motion images of the surroundings. The 'HandLens Imager' is on the instrument arm and provides close up images of martian soil and rocks. Finally the Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) provided high resolution images of the ground during descent. In December 2004, MSSS was selected to provide three cameras for the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (2008) mission, under contract to Northwestern University. The MSSS developed JunoCam for the Juno Jupiter Mission, which launched in 2011. In July 2014, NASA announced the selection of the Mastcam Z proposal for the Mars 2020 rover mission, provided by MSSS. It is an improved zoom version of the original MastCam. Liquid water on Mars
In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood like gullies. The question that was immediately asked was: is this an ongoing process or is this ancient and simply well preserved evidence of water/liquid flow? Most scientists agree that it is highly likely that water did flow on Mars in the distant past. Malin's camera controllers attempted to answer this question by taking photos of the same locations and in 2005 observation showed two areas where change had clearly occurred within the time of the photos (in other words, the activity was happening in present time and was not ancient). On December 6, 2006, MSSS announced that it had discovered evidence that liquid water had likely flowed on Mars within the past five years. At a press conference, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. The findings were published in the December 8, 2006 issue of the journal Science''. Malin Systems published several documents which describe what they found:
New Gully Deposit in a Crater in Terra Sirenum: Evidence That Water Flowed on Mars in This Decade? Support for Hypothesis that Groundwater is Source for Fluid Responsible for Erosion in Martian Gullies
Why the New Gully Deposits Are Not Dry Dust Slope Streaks
Before the December 2006 paper, some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface features seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. At this stage, (late 2006) the flowing water hypothesis looks strong, however more evidence is needed. For more, see Life on Mars.
Марстағы гейзерлер
Марс ғаламдық зерттеу аппаратындағы MSSS камералары жоғары ажыратымды суреттерді түсірді, оларды Malin Space Science Systems өңдеді және «қара құм дақтары» және «арақыштар» деп бейресми аталатын қызықты полярлық ерекшеліктерді анықтады. Қара құм дақтарының және олардан таралатын қара беткейлердің пайда болуы әлі анықталған жоқ, олардың шығу тегі мен қалыптасу процесі туралы түрлі гипотезалар ұсынылған. Қазіргі уақытта НАСА және Еуропалық командалар ұсынған модельде CO2 және қара базальт құмын шығаратын суық гейзерлерге ұқсас жүйелер қарастырылады. Оңтүстік мұз қалпағының жанындағы кейбір аймақтарда маусымдық мұздану нәтижесінде жер бетінен 1 метрлік мөлдір құрғақ мұз плиталары пайда болады. Көктем келген кезде күн сәулесі жер астын жылытады, сублимацияланған CO2 қысымы плита астында жиналып, оны көтеріп, соңында жарып жібереді. Бұл CO2 газының қара базальт құмымен немесе шаңмен араласып гейзерлік атқылауларға алып келеді. Бұл процесс жылдам, бірнеше күн, апта немесе ай ішінде байқалады, геологияда, әсіресе Марста сирек кездесетін өсу қарқыны. Плита астынан гейзерге қарай ағып бара жатқан газ мұздың астында радиальды арналардың өрмек тор сияқты жүйесін қалыптастырады.
The MSSS cameras on board the Mars Global Surveyor, produced high resolution images that were also processed by Malin Space Science Systems, and discovered the intriguing polar features informally known as 'dark dune spots' and 'spiders'. The origin of dark dune spots and the dark slope streaks emanating from them is yet uncertain, and various hypotheses have been put forward on their origin and formation process. The current model proposed by NASA and European teams propose cold geyser like systems that eject CO2 and dark basaltic sand. The seasonal frosting of some areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1 metre thick slabs of dry ice above the ground. With the arrival of spring, sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO2 builds up under a slab, elevating and ultimately rupturing it. This leads to geyser like eruptions of CO2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spider like pattern of radial channels under the ice.