Жануарлар әлемінің қарапайым құрылыстылы Xenoturbella туысы

Genus of bilaterians with a simple body plan

Xenoturbella is a genus of very simple bilaterians up to a few centimeters long. It contains a small number of marine benthic worm like species. The first known species (Xenoturbella bocki) was collected in 1878 and 1879 in the Gullmar fiord on the Swedish west coast by August Malm and is stored in the collection of the Gothenburg Natural History Museum. A specimen is on display in the exhibition. It was collected again in the Gullmar fiord in 1915 by Sixten Bock, but it was only properly described in 1949 by Einar Westblad. The type specimens are kept at the Swedish national museum of natural history in Stockholm.

Xenoturbella has a very simple body plan. It consists of a dorsoventrally flattened acoelomate body, with a ventral furrow on each side running down from the anterior tip till they are stopped by an anterior circumferential furrow. It shows two ciliated epithelial layers: an external epidermis and an internal gastrodermis lining the simple sac like gut. The epidermis and gastrodermis is separated by a thick and multilayered basement membrane called the "subepidermal membrane complex", a major part of the extracellular matrix. The multiciliated epidermis displays unique interconnected ciliary rootlets and mode of withdrawal and resorption of worn epidermal cells. The nervous system is composed by a net of interconnected neurons beneath the epidermis, without any concentration of neurons forming ganglia or nerve cords. Species of Xenoturbella also lack a respiratory, circulatory and excretory system. In fact, there are no defined organs, except for an anterior statocyst containing flagellated cells and a frontal pore organ. Research on the species Xenoturbella bocki has shown it to have external fertilization, with eggs and sperm being released from new openings in the body wall. Gametes released into the water through ruptures also occurs in Xenoturbella's closest relatives the acoels and nemertodermatids. No examples of hermaphroditism was reported. Eggs of Xenoturbella are wide, pale orange and opaque. Newly hatched embryos are free swimming (tending to stay close to water surface) and ciliated. They feature no mouth and they do not apparently feed. and from the Latin word turbella meaning "stir, bustle". This refers to the enigmatic, unusual taxonomic status of the animal, initially considered as related to turbellarians, a group of flatworms whose aquatic species stir microscopic particles close to their ciliated epidermis.

To date, the genus Xenoturbella is composed of six species distributed into a shallow water clade—three species up to —and a deep water clade—three species deeper than
The two smaller species, X. bocki and X. hollandorum, which are up to long, are found in shallower waters less than deep. They form a clade together with a third species, X. japonica, which is slightly over long and was found in waters less than deep. but it was probably a result from contamination with DNA of molluscs that Xenoturbella consumes. A subsequent study suggested a placement of the genus in its own phylum, Xenoturbellida, as a deuterostome clade and sister group to the Ambulacraria. The deuterostome affiliations were then recovered by studies that indicate a basal position of this phylum within the deuterostomes or in a sister group relationship with the Ambulacraria. However, morphological characters, such as the structure of epidermal cilia, suggested a close relationship with Acoelomorpha, another problematic group. The study of the embryonic stages of Xenoturbella also showed that it is a direct developer without a feeding larval stage, and this developmental mode is similar to that of acoelomorphs. This clade was named Xenacoelomorpha.