Австралиядағы Христиан қозғалысы

Christian movement in Australia

The Churches of Christ in Australia is a Reformed Restorationist denomination. It is affiliated with the Disciples Ecumenical Consultative Council and the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Key features of the church's worship are the weekly celebration of the Lord's Supper presided over by a lay person and believer's baptism. This Christian movement claims to "concentrate on the essential aspects of the Christian faith, allowing for a diversity of understanding with non essentials." It is active in community services and supporting Christian unity, although this emphasis was stronger historically.

It is part of the Restoration Movement with historical influences from the United States and Britain, although it was the British influences that dominated in colonial Australia in the nineteenth century. Congregations in South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales were established at the initiative of individuals who travelled to these colonies to pursue employment opportunities. Elsewhere in Australia Churches of Christ congregations were established as missionary initiatives: Tasmania in the 1870s, Queensland in 1882 and Western Australia in 1891. In the beginning Churches of Christ in Australia (known as 'Disciples' until the 1860s) relied heavily on lay ministers who tended to preach in a dry and reasoning manner, maintained congregational autonomy under the governance of elders, strictly observed what they believed were New Testament patterns (especially weekly Lord's Supper and baptism by immersion), and took a 'common sense' approach to reading the Bible. However, practices of ministry, structures of governance, worship and theology have all changed over time and this has raised issues of identity for the Churches of Christ in Australia. The Churches of Christ in Australia are more similar to the Christian Church in the United States (most Churches of Christ in the United States sing a capella, whereas most Churches of Christ in Australia use musical instruments, as does the Christian Church in the United States).

Churches of Christ in Victoria began with the arrival of the Ingram and Picton families from England who established regular meetings in Prahran and officially constituted a congregation in 1855. By 1861 there were 12 congregations with a total of 230 members. Seeking to increase the membership, the congregations combined to support their first full time evangelist, Isaac Mermelstein, a converted Jew from Kiev. He travelled to Chiltern on the north east Victorian goldfields in 1861 where he officiated at a number of baptisms. However, Mermelstein faded from view in the history of Churches of Christ as he disagreed with the leadership over the nature of baptism. Baptism by immersion on confession of faith was considered essential for salvation, but Mermelstein appears to have also been convinced of the validity of Holy Spirit baptism – something which the then deeply rationalist Churches of Christ could not abide. The church experienced some growth with the evangelism of T. H. Milner, visiting from Scotland in 1862, and then significant growth with the preaching of Henry S. Earl who arrived from the US in 1864 as the first of a number of American preachers who influenced Churches of Christ in Victoria. In the 1880s Antoinette Thurgood established a ministry for and by women in Victoria. Initially called the Sisters' Conference, it was later known as Christian Women's Fellowship. The first woman to be appointed to pastoral ministry (Hawthorne Church of Christ, Qld.) was Violet Callanan in 1931 who had recently completed a certificate in mission studies at the College of the Bible in Glen Iris, Melbourne. Ordination for women was introduced in the 1940s, and the first woman to be ordained was Alice Barton Saunders in 1946. However, the first women to be ordained and also to minister in Churches of Christ in Victoria (and Australia) were Pam Bowers and Robyn Haskell in 1973.

A small group met in Albion, Brisbane in 1871, however it was not until 1 August 1882 that C. M. Fischer and T Geraghty established the first Church of Christ in Queensland at the Zillman Waterholes (now Zillmere, Queensland). The Ann Street Church of Christ was established in 1883 and moved into its present building in Brisbane's central business district in 1898.

In March 1839, Robert Lawrie and his fiancée Margaret Mailey; Archibald Greenshields and Marion Greenshields (née Lawrie) and their daughter Jane aged 2; Thomas Neill and family; all of Kilmarnock and nearby Newmilns, applied on the same day with the same agent for free passage to South Australia, departing London 21 May 1839 on the ship Recovery and arriving in September 1839. In 1836, John Lawrie, older brother to the above mentioned Lawries, had joined the Kilmarnock Scotch Baptist church, believing it to be the "true" church. But by 1837 John had become so influenced by the writings of Alexander Campbell that he commenced Disciples meetings at Newmilns. All the above had been influenced by the Restoration movement; the Lawries (including James) and the Greenshields accepting its Biblical teaching. The coming to South Australia was due to Andrew Warnock of Paisley. Warnock was a manufacturer, but like other businessmen in Glasgow he was keen to invest in the new free colony of South Australia. Property was purchased for his son John Warnock, but as he knew nothing about farming, James Lawrie and William Wilson were employed to establish it. They left aboard the ship Ariadne in April 1839. The journey was long and hazardous: there were 223 passengers crowded onto the ship, and apart from all the dangers of illness, of storms, of rounding the Cape of Good Hope, a fire broke out on ship. Finally, in August 1839 their party, which included more persons than those listed above, arrived and were given or attained positions in the colony. Thomas Neill had been in business as a grocer in Kilmarnock and before that he had been a farm servant. It was intended that he should work on the Warnock property but on arrival it was discovered that the dry climate required many more acres to support a family than it did in Scotland. Fortunately for him he was immediately given a job as storekeeper with the South Australian Company by the manager, his old friend David McLaren. Neill had relations in Glasgow, Paisley and Kilmarnock. The Neills attended the Scotch Baptist church, built in Hindley Street by the Methodists then abandoned for their new building in Gawler Place. McLaren was the unofficial pastor, and later, Thomas, his wife Jean, and Agnes their daughter were listed as members in 1844 when the Scotch Baptists were meeting in Morphett Street. As a number of families lived in the Myponga Hills John Lawrie decided mid 1856 they should meet locally as the Willunga congregation. which doubled as a school room. The chapel soon became too small and a new Christian Disciples chapel was built 10 years later. T. J. Gore of Norwood and John Lawrie of Alma conducted the opening services to a large congregation. The following Monday some three or four hundred gathered for tea, after which John Lawrie presided over a meeting at which some five hundred heard addresses by Kidner, Colbourne, Woolcock, and Gore.

The Churches of Christ in Australia are made up of State Conferences which are an association of independent churches who choose to relate at a state and federal level. Within this conference structure, individual churches are largely autonomous and operate on a congregational and democratic form of government. Leadership varies in local churches and where there are ministers or pastors they may or may not be formally ordained. Lay people usually play an important part in the worship, mission, governance and management of the church. The State Conferences are: Victoria and Tasmania, New South Wales, South Australia and the Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory.

Toward the end of the nineteenth century the denomination established a periodical, The Australian Christian, based in Victoria, which carried the news and opinion of the churches and their members for the next century. This periodical was closed in 2008.

Churches of Christ is one of the smaller Christian groups by affiliation in Australia. The 2001 Census showed 61,335 identifying, falling to 49,687 in the 2011 Census, which represents 0.2% of the population. This is compared with 61.1% of Australians who indicated religious affiliation with any Christian denomination. The National Church Life Survey 2001 showed that Churches of Christ had the highest attendance to affiliation percentage. This survey showed a regular estimated attendance of 45,100 (74%). Average weekly attendance figures in 2013 were 38 500, although a larger number of people would be expected to have a connection to a Church of Christ.