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The kings of Elam were the rulers of Elam, an ancient civilization in modern day south western Iran. The earliest known Elamite dynasty was the Awan dynasty, which came to power in the Early Dynastic period. Elam was conquered by the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC and was then ruled by a sequence of Akkadian appointed governors before independence was restored a little over a century later. After the reign of the powerful Elamite king Puzur Inshushinak, Elam was conquered again c. 2100 BC by the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Native Elamite rule was after a few decades restored under the Shimashki dynasty during the reign of Ur III king Ibbi Sin. In 2004 BC the Shimashki king Kindattu sacked Ur, whereafter Elam became fully independent. The Sukkulmah dynasty, perhaps a related lineage, was established in another part of Elam shortly thereafter, and after a period of overlap gradually overtook the Shimashki dynasty. The Sukkalmah dynasty was followed by the Kidinuid and Igihalkid dynasties, whereafter the Elamite kingdom reached the height of its power under the Shutrukid dynasty. Powerful Shutrukid kings, such as Shutruk Nahhunte I and Shilhak Inshushinak, exerted dominion over not only Elam itself but also over Babylonia. The kingdom may have disintegrated following the defeat of Hutelutush Inshushinak by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I in the late 12th century BC, but a new line of rulers are attested in Elam from the early 8th century BC onwards. The so called Neo Elamite kingdom came under the rule of the Hubanid dynasty in the early 7th century BC, which initiated a short period of intense internal conflict and meddling in Assyrian and Babylonian affairs. The Neo Elamite kingdom was effectively destroyed by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 646 BC, though Elamite rulers continued to govern the Elamite heartland until the rise and early years of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC. The Elamites created a new kingdom, Elymais, around 147 BC. Initially ruled by the Kamnaskirid dynasty, Elymais often fell under the control of the Parthian Empire as a vassal state, and eventually came under the rule of a cadet branch of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty. Following the fall of the Parthian Empire and the rise of the succeeding Sasanian Empire in the early 3rd century AD, Elymais was conquered and abolished as a distinct kingdom, marking the final end of Elamite political history.

The Awan dynasty is the earliest known royal dynasty of Elam. "Awan" was a native Elamite term, referring mainly to modern Khuzestan but also perhaps to the entire Elamite kingdom. Its use as a dynastic name comes from both Old Babylonian sources, which designated the kings of the earliest Elamite dynasty as belonging to the "Awan dynasty", and a native Elamite king list of the Awan and succeeding Shimashki dynasties. The rulers preceding Hishep ratep and Luh ishan fall into the Early Dynastic period, though their historicity beyond appearing in the king list cannot be verified. If real, the first king mentioned in the king list (Peli) could speculatively be placed sometime in between c. 2550 – c. 2400 BC. The Awan dynasty was not an entirely contiguous family line and was for a little over a century interrupted by governors appointed by the Akkadian Empire. Autalummash is an elamite king attested in a hurrian text that is contemporary to this very dynasty. (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefPeliUncertain, 2500 BC (? )Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListTataUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListUkkutaheshUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListHishurUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListShushuntaranaUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListNapilhushUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListKikku siwe temptUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King ListHishep ratepLate 24th century BCEarliest historically verified Elamite king. Elam was in his reign invaded by Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC), who defeated Hishep ratep and his son Luh ishan in battle and occupied most of Khuzestan. Luh ishanUncertain, c. 2350 BC (? )Son of Ḫišibrasini (may have been the same person as Hishep ratep)EmahshiniUncertain, c. 2280 BC (? )Does not appear in the Awan King List. On the news of Sargon of Akkad's death, Emahshini and his ally Abalgamash of Marhasi invaded and retook Khuzestan. Shortly thereafter, Sargon's son Rimush (2279–2270 BC) retaliated and retook Khuzestan. After conquests by Rimush and Manishtushu (2270–2255 BC), Elam was incorporated into the Akkadian Empire and placed under a series of royally appointed governors. EshpumUncertain, c. 2269 BC (? )Governor of Elam appointed by ManishtushuIlshu rabiUncertain, c. 2255 BC (? )Governor of Pashime (along the coastal territories of Elam) appointed by ManishtushuKhitaUncertain, c. 2250 BC (? )Governor of Elam (Susa) appointed by Naram Sin (2254–2218 BC), known from a treaty concluded with Naram SinEpirmupiLate 23rd/early 22nd century BCAkkadian. Originally a governor of Elam (Susa) appointed by Naram Sin or Shar Kali Sharri (2217–2193 BC) but achieved independence during the collapse of the Akkadian Empire. Ili ishmani22nd century BCAkkadian. Presumably Epirmupi's successor, continued to use the title of governor. Hi'eluUncertainResumed native Elamite rule. Historicity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List. Hita'aUncertainHistoricity uncertain, attested only in the Awan King List. He may have been the same person as Khita. Puzur InshushinakUncertain, c. 2150 BC (? )Contemporary of Ur Nammu of Ur (2112–2094 BC) and Gudea of Lagash. Described as the "creator of the first Iranian empire", Puzur Inshushinak reunified Khuzestan and Elam and conquered large parts of southern Mesopotamia before being defeated by Ur Nammu and Gudea.

After the reign of Puzur Inshushinak there was renewed Mesopotamian control of Elam under Third Dynasty of Ur, an empire established by the Sumerian king Ur Nammu in 2112 BC. Though somewhat tenuous, Sumerian rule in Elam was strong enough for the kings of Ur to engage in diplomacy with other Iranian regions. Sumerian imperialism was eventually met with Elamite resistance, most notably in the region of Shimashki, from which a new dynasty (though its precise boundaries are not clear) extended its rule into the lands surrounding Susa. Twelve kings of the Shimashki dynasty are known by name from the same ancient king list also listing the kings of the Awan dynasty. The king Ebarti II, attached to the Shimashki dynasty in the king list tablet between Tan Ruhuratir I and Idattu II, has in this list been placed in the succeeding Sukkalmah dynasty, which traced its descent from him. The rulers of the Shimashki dynasty are beyond the king list confirmed by their own inscriptions and by surviving sources from Mesopotamia. Though later portions of the list might record sequential rule, it is likely that the rulers recorded before Kindattu were contemporary rivals or co rulers, rather than rulers in sequence, since Girnamme, Tazitta I and Ebarti I all appear in the inscriptions of Shu Sin of Ur (2037–2028 BC). Ebarti I appears to have been the most prominent of the three, though they all belonged to the same family lineage. Ebarti I initiated an age of expansion of the Shimashki realm, which was continued under Kindattu, who sacked Ur and ended the Third Dynasty of Ur. After Kindattu's sack of Ur, Elam became fully independent under the Shimashki rulers. (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefGirnammeUncertain, 2044 BC (? )Contemporary and relative of Tazitta I and Ebarti ITazitta IUncertain, 2040 BC (? )Contemporary and relative of Girnamme and Ebarti IEbarti IUncertain, 2037 BC (? )Attested from the late reign of the Ur III king Shulgi (2094–2046 BC) to the reign of Shu Sin (2037–2028 BC). Contemporary and relative of Girnamme and Tazitta I. Tazitta IIUncertain, 2033 BC (? )Uncertain connectionLurak luhhanUncertain, 2028 BC (? )Uncertain connectionKindattuUncertain, 2016 BC (? )Son of Ebarti I, sacked Ur and destroyed the Third Dynasty of UrImazuUncertain, 2015 BC (? )Son of Kindattu, attested as king of Anshan by contemporary seal but omitted from the Shimashki king list, perhaps a junior ruler. Married a daughter of Iddin Dagan of Isin (1974–1954 BC). Idattu IUncertain, 1995 BC (? )Son of KindattuTan Ruhuratir IUncertain, 1990 BC (? )Son of Idattu I, married a daughter of Bilalama of EshnunnaIdattu IIUncertain, 1965 BC (? )Son of Tan Ruhuratir IIdattunapirUncertain, 1890 BC (? )Uncertain connection, contemporary of Sumu abum of Babylon (1894–1881 BC)IdattutemtiUncertain, 1880 BC (? )Uncertain connection

The Sukkalmah dynasty came to power shortly after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, though it overlapped with the Shimashki dynasty for well over a century. The dynastic shift probably reflects a gradual change in power, perhaps the two dynasties began as a single royal family of co rulers in different geographical regions. The Sukkalmah period was one of the most prosperous in Elamite history, marked by unprecedented prestige and influence. Elam was frequently a powerbroker in Mesopotamian politics, entering into uneasy alliances with various states and rulers. Several new developments also took place within Elam during this time. Notably, rulers did not use the title of king, but rather sukkalmah ("grand regent") and sukkal ("regent") of Elam, Shimashki or Susa. The use of sukkalmah, from which the dynasty received its name, originates from Mesopotamia, where it was used as a title ranking below king. In Elam, its usage as the term for the region's paramount ruler might derive from the title possibly being used by the vassals or governors in Susa during the rule of the Third Dynasty of Ur. The transition from the Shimashki to the Sukkalmah age is obscure. It seems that the two sequences of rulers were connected; the first Sukkalmah ruler, Ebarti II, is in inscriptions referenced as the father of the succeeding Shilhaha but also appears in a king list recording the Shimashki kings and is identified in some later sources as "king of Anshan and Susa", not as sukkalmah. The political structure of Elam during the Sukkalmah period is not entirely clear; whereas some scholars believe there to have been a single line of rulers reigning in sequence, others believe, due to the different titles and capitals attested, that rulership was exercised as a triumvirate, with the paramount ruler (the sukkalmah at Susa) ruling together with junior rulers (sukkals) of "Elam" and "Shimashki". The sequence of rulers below follows the most probable sequence of Sukkalmah rulers, per Peyronel (2018), with additional rulers inserted in their chronological placements per Potts (1999). It is impossible to establish the length of any of their reigns, though they can at times be chronologically pinpointed through synchronisms with Mesopotamian rulers. Some internal order can however be imposed in the later portion using cuneiform documents and sealings. These sources have also supported a proposal that Atta hushu and Sumu abum of Babylon were co temporal. (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefEbarti IIUncertain, c. 1980 BC (? )Typically the first ruler assigned to the Sukkalmah dynastyShilhahaUncertain, c. 1950 BC (? )Son of Ebarti IIPala ishshanUncertain, c. 1920 BC (? )Uncertain connectionLankukuUncertain, c. 1900 BC (? )Lower ranking ruler contemporary with Pala ishshan?Kuku sanitLower ranking ruler contemporary with Pala ishshan?Kuk KirmashSon of a sister of Shilhaha or Lankuku (? )Kuk Nashur IUncertainSon of ShilhahaTem sanitUncertainLower ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk Nashur I?Kuk NahundiUncertainLower ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk Nashur I?Atta hushuUncertain, c. 1894 BC (? )Descendant of ShilhahaTetep madaUncertainDescendant of ShilhahaShiruk tuhLate 19th (& early 18th?) century BCDescendant of ShilhahaSimut wartash IUncertainSon of Shiruk tuh, lower ranking ruler contemporary with his father?Siwe palar huppakFirst half of the 18th century BCSon of a sister of Shiruk tuhKudu zulush IFirst half of the 18th century BCSon of a sister of Shiruk tuhKutir Nahhunte IUncertainSon of Shiruk tuhAtta mera halkiUncertainLower ranking ruler contemporary with Kutir Nahhunte I?TataUncertainLower ranking ruler contemporary with Kutir Nahhunte I?Lila irtashUncertainBrother of Kutir Nahhunte I, lower ranking ruler contemporary with his brother?Temti AgunUncertainClaimed to be the son of a sister of Shiruk tuhKutir ShilhahaUncertainUncertain connectionKuk Nashur IIMiddle 17th century BCSon of a sister of Temti AgunTemti raptashUncertainSimut wartash IIUncertainLower ranking ruler contemporary with Kuk Nashur II?Kudu zulush IIUncertainUncertain connectionSirtuhUncertainSon of a sister of Kuk Nashur II, lower ranking ruler contemporary with Kudu zulush II?Kuk Nashur IIIUncertainDescendant of ShilhahaTan UliUncertainDescendant of ShilhahaTemti halkiUncertainDescendant of ShilhahaKuk Nashur IVLate 16th century BC (? )Son of a sister of Tan Uli

Though they are grouped together by historians as a dynasty for convenience, there is no evidence that the five kings assigned to the Kidinuid dynasty were related to each other. The chronological sequence of the five kings is not certain either, but Kidinu was traditionally believed to have been the earliest and the group is thus referred to as "Kidinuid". In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite I (ME I). NameReignSuccession and notesRefIgi hatetEarly 15th century BCKnown from a single inscription. The grammatical features of the inscription suggests that Igi hatet was the earliest Middle Elamite ruler. From this point on rulers no longer use the title sukkalmah. KidinuEarly 15th century BCKnown from a single tablet which contains an impression of his sealTan Ruhuratir IIEarly 15th century BCKnown from a single tablet which contains an impression of his sealShallaUncertainImmediate predecessor of Tepti Ahar (? ), known from legal and administrative textsTepti AharLate 15th century BCKnown from inscribed bricksInshushinak shar iliLate 15th century BCKnown from inscribed bricks

The second dynasty of the Middle Elamite period is typically referred to as the Igihalkid dynasty, after its founder Igi halki. In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite II (ME II). (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefIgi halkiUncertain, c. 1400 BC (? )Probably a usurperPahir ishshanUncertain, c. 1390 BC (? )Son of Igi halki, married a sister of the Babylonian king Kurigalzu IAttar kittahUncertain, c. 1380 BC (? )Son of Igi halkiHumban numena IUncertain, c. 1370 BC (? )Son of Attar kittah, married a daughter of the Babylonian king Kurigalzu IUntash NapirishaUncertain, c. 1275 BC (? )Son of Humban numena, married a daughter of the Babylonian king Burnaburiash II (1359–1333 BC), campaigned in MesopotamiaHurbatilaLate 14th century BCUncertain connection, fought with, and defeated by, the Babylonian king Kurigalzu II (1332–1308 BC)Unpahash NapirishaLate 14th/early 13th century BCSon of Pahir ishshan, unclear how he acceded to the throneKidin Hutran IUncertain, c. 1240 BC (? )Son of Pahir ishshanKidin Hutran IIUncertain, c. 1235 BC (? )Son of Unpahash NapirishaNapirisha UntashUncertain, c. 1230 BC (? )Son of Kidin Hutran IIKidin Hutran IIIUncertain, c. 1217 BC (? )Existence inferred through records of a Kidin Hutran at the end of the 13th century; invaded Babylonia, fighting against kings Enlil nadin shumi (1224 BC) and Adad shuma iddina (1222–1217 BC), briefly occupied the country
It is not clear how the Igihalkid dynasty came to an end, but Kidin Hutran III, who died at some point in the early reign of the Babylonian king Adad shuma usur (1216–1187 BC), is generally regarded to have been the last member.

The third and last dynasty of the Middle Elamite period is typically referred to as the Shutrukid dynasty, after its founder Shutruk Nahhunte I. In terms of historical periodization, this period of Elamite history is conventionally referred to as Middle Elamite III (ME III). Though the last extensive records of the dynasty are from the time of Hutelutush Inshushinak in the late 12th century BC, sparse later texts suggest that the Shutrukid dynasty might have stayed in power until the middle or late 11th century BC. (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefShutruk Nahhunte IUncertain, c. 1190 BC (? )"Son of Hallutash Inshushinak", unconnected to the previous royal dynasty. Married a daughter of the Babylonian king Meli Shipak (1186–1172 BC). Invaded Babylonia in the 1150s, deposing Zababa shuma iddin (1158 BC) and tenuously claiming the Babylonian throne for himself. Captured large amounts of treasure, including the Victory Stele of Naram Sin. Kutir Nahhunte IIc. 1155 BCSon of Shutruk Nahhunte I, invaded Babylonia and stole the religiously important statue of MardukShilhak Inshushinak Ic. 1150 – c. 1120 BCSon of Shutruk Nahhunte I, maintained an unusually powerful hold on Mesopotamia, controlling many cities that normally fell under the sway of Babylonia or AssyriaHutelutush Inshushinakc. 1120 – c. 1115 BCSon of Shilhak Inshushinak, used the unparallelled title "king of Elam and Susiana". Elam was in his reign invaded by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I (1121–1100 BC), who recovered the statue of Marduk and extensively pillaged Elam. Some sources hold that Hutelutush Inshushinak disappeared after the defeat but he appears to have held onto power in Elam for some time. Shilhina hamru LagamarEarly 11th century Son of Shilhak Inshushinak, mentioned as king in later inscriptions by the Neo Elamite king Shutur Nahhunte IIHumban numena IIMiddle/late 11th century (? )Possibly connected to the Shutrukid dynasty, mentioned as king in later inscriptions by the Neo Elamite king Shutruk Nahhunte II

The Neo Elamite period spans the centuries from the fall of the Shutrukid dynasty to the rise of the Achaemenid Empire. After the defeat of Hutelutush Inshushinak in 1100 BC, the historical record of Elam is extremely scant for well over three centuries, a period often called the "Elamite Dark Ages". As a result, the political organization and administration of Elam in the early Neo Elamite period is more or less completely unknown. Some form of Elamite royal authority appears to have been active from at least the late 9th century BC onwards, since Elamite troops were sent to support the Babylonian king Marduk balassu iqbi against the Assyrian king Shamshi Adad V ( BC). An Elamite ambassador to Assyria is also attested in the reign of the Assyrian king Adad nirari III ( BC).

Elam was clearly a consolidated kingdom with strong royal authority by the first half of the 8th century BC, when the country and its rulers once more begin to appear frequently in Mesopotamian texts. The earliest known dynasty of rulers from the Neo Elamite period is conventionally referred to simply as the First Neo Elamite dynasty. NameReignSuccession and notesRefHumban tahra 760–743 BCEarliest Neo Elamite king mentioned by name in Babylonian sourcesHumban nikash I743–717 BCSon of Humban tahra, allied with the Babylonian king Marduk apla iddina II against the Assyrian king Sargon IIShutruk Nahhunte II717–699 BCSon of a daughter of Humban tahra and the nobleman Humban immena. His name was originally Shutur Nahhunte but he amended it to Shutruk Nahhunte to evoke the memory of Shutruk Nahhunte I. Hallutash Inshushinak I699–693 BCSon of a daughter of Humban tahra and the nobleman Humban immenaKutur Nahhunte(Kutir Nahhunte III)693–692 BCSon of Hallutush Inshushinak I, taken prisoner in a rebellion and killedHumban menanu(Humban numena III)692–688 BCSon of Hallutush Inshushinak I, commanded Elamite and Babylonian forces at the 691 BC Battle of Halule

Though sometimes grouped together with the earlier Neo Elamite kings in a single dynasty, there is no evidence for any kinship between Humban menanu and Humban haltash I and Babylonian sources appear to clearly distinguish the two as separate, suggesting that Humban haltash I founded a new dynastic line. His dynasty is conventionally called the "Hubanid dynasty", after the common name element Humban (sometimes rendered Huban). (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefHumban haltash I688–681 BCObscure king, died from a feverHumban haltash II681– 674 BCSon of Humban haltash IUrtakc. 674–664 BCSon of Humban haltash I, invaded Babylonia in 664 BC and was killed in battle by the forces of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal or died shortly after being driven back to ElamTeumman(Tepti Humban Inshushinak I)664–653 BCNon dynastic or son of Humban haltash I, attacked Babylonia in 653 BC and killed by the Assyrians in the Battle of Ulai alongside his son Tammaritu. Ummanigash(Humban nikash II)653–652 BC(in Madaktu)Son of Urtak, installed as king by Ashurbanipal as co ruler with his brother Tammaritu I. Provided troops for the 652 Babylonian revolt of Shamash shum ukin against Ashurbanipal, soon thereafter overthrown and murdered by Tammaritu IITammaritu I653–652 BC(in Hidalu)Son of Urtak, installed as king by Ashurbanipal as co ruler with his brother Ummanigash. Fate unclear. Tammaritu II652–649 BC–(first reign)–Grandson of Urtak, overthrew and murdered Ummanigash. Also joined Shamash shum ukin's revolt against Ashurbanipal, overthrown by his general Indabibi in the midst of battle and escaped to Assyria. Indabibi649–648 BCGeneral, initially supported Shamash shum ukin's revolt but later sought to make peace with Ashurbanipal. Deposed by Elamites after Ashurbanipal declared war in response to Indabibi not answering a diplomatic demand. Humban haltash III648–647 BC–(first reign)–Proclaimed king after the deposition of Indabibi. Abandoned Madaktu and fled into the mountains after Ashurbanipal invaded Elam in 647 BC. Humban habua647 BCBriefly seized power after Humban haltash's flight but shortly thereafter also fled into the mountainsTammaritu II647 BC–(second reign)–Restored as king by Ashurbanipal, installed at Susa, but shortly thereafter deposed by the Assyrians due to his complaints that they were pillaging his countryPa'e647–646 BCShort lived and obscure ruler, seized power since Ashurbanipal did not proclaim any new kings after Tammaritu IIHumban haltash III646–645 BC–(second reign)–Retook the throne from Pa'e. Defeated by Ashurbanipal in 646 BC, whereafter the Assyrians laid waste to Elam and nearly destroyed the ancient civilization. Unsuccessful at improving relations with the Assyrians and deeply unpopular with the people, Humban haltash III was driven from the capital to Luristan, where the locals captured him and sent him to Assyria. Final fate unknown.

Although Humban haltash III is sometimes identified as the last king of Elam, material and documentation evidence suggests that some parts of Elam, including the region surrounding Susa, remained under the control of Elamite rulers until the time of the Achaemenid Empire. Most of these late rulers, with a few exceptions, had no known familial connections to each other. The sequence below follows the Elamite rulers of Susa and is tentative, with approximate regnal dates, due to the small number of surviving sources. (Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefIndadac. 645–635 BCFather of Shutur Nahhunte, royal status speculativeShutur Nahhuntec. 635–610 BCSon of Indada, engaged in diplomacy with Nabopolassar of Babylon and received Elamite cult statues previously taken by the AssyriansHumban kitinLate 7th/early 6th century BCSon of Shutur NahhunteHallutash Inshushinak IIc. 598/593–583/578 BCMentioned in Babylonian textual sourcesHumban ShuturukEarly 6th century BC"Son of Shati hupiti"UmmanunuFirst half of the 6th century BCAttested as ruler at Susa by archival texts found in the cityBahuriFirst half of the 6th century BCAttested as ruler at Zamin, perhaps contemporary with Ummanunu, in Mesopotamian lettersShilhak Inshushinak IIFirst half of the 6th century BCAttested by a royal inscriptionAtta hamiti Inshushinak IFirst half of the 6th century BC"Son of Hutran Tepti"; considered the last great Neo Elamite king, he adopted the traditional Middle Elamite royal style "king of Anshan and Susa" and went on some military campaignsTepti Humban Inshushinak IIc. 550–530 BCSon of Shilhak Inshushinak II, possibly a vassal of Cyrus the GreatElam incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire c. 530 BC (? )Açina522 BC"Son of Upadarma"; either a native Elamite or a Persian, revolted against the Achaemenid king Darius I in the Elamite highlands. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. Martiya(Humban nuish)522 BC"Son of Cincikhri"; either a native Elamite or a Persian, revolted against Darius I in the Elamite highlands. Took the regnal name Humban nuish. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. Atta hamiti Inshushinak II520/519 BCRevolted against Darius I in the Elamite lowlands. A native Elamite leader, he probably assumed the regnal name Atta hamiti Inshushinak to strengthen his claim to the throne. Defeated and killed by the Achaemenids. After the defeat of Atta hamiti Inshushinak II, Elam was reincorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and ceased to be a political entity.

In the mid 2nd century BC, the kingdom of Elymais established control of large parts of ancient Elam, centered in the region of Khuzestan. Though in the past suggested to have been a Persian or Parthian realm, evidence such as the hostility between Elymais and Persian/Parthian rulers and the continued worship of otherwise non Iranian (perhaps traditional Elamite) deities in the region suggests that the populace of Elymais were descendants of the old Elamites. The connection is further supported by the etymological connection between Elam and Elymais, Elymais probably simply being a Hellenized version of Elam, and that Akkadian language sources from Babylonia refer to Elymais as "Elam" and its people as "Elamites". Though the coins of Elymais were struck in Greek, it is possible that Greek was simply a monetary language and that the spoken language in Elam was still the ancient Elamite language. This is reinforced by several of the rulers bearing Elamite names, such as Kamnaskires, Pittit and Anzaze. The name Kamnaskires, borne by several kings, derives from the Elamite kapniškir, meaning "treasurer". Circumstancial evidence also supports the continuity of the Elamite language; in the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible, written in the late 1st century AD, Elamite is referenced as a distinct and living language and some evidence thereafter suggests it survived for far longer. In Arabic sources as late as the 10th century AD there are references to an "incomprehensible" language in Elam dubbed Khūzī, perhaps a late version of Elamite. Because of the limited surviving source material, the names and dates of the kings of Elymais largely follows evidence from coinage, with some details also known from surviving Babylonian and Parthian documentation.

(Portrait)NameReignSuccession and notesRefKamnaskires I Soter 147 BC (? )First king of ElymaisKamnaskires II Nikephorosc. 147–139 BCSuccessor of Kamnaskires IMithridates I of Parthia invaded Elymais in 140/139 BC due to Elamite support for the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator's attempted reconquest of Mesopotamian and other eastern lands. The region was then under direct Parthian control for several decades, with occasional rebellions, until secure autonomous control was re established under Kamnaskires III and Anzaze around 82 BC. Okkonapsesc. 139/138–137 BCUsurper/rebelTigraiosc. 137–132 BCUsurper/rebelDarius Soterc. 129 BCUsurper/rebelPittit125–124 BCUsurper/rebelKamnaskires IIIwithAnzazec. 82–62/61 BCRestored autonomous rule, Kamnaskires III appears to have co ruled with his queen AnzazeKamnaskires IV1st century BC( 62/61–56/55 BC)Son of Kamnaskires III and Anzaze (? )Kamnaskires VLate 1st century BC(fl. 36/35 BC)Poorly attestedKamnaskires VIMid/late 1st century AD(fl. AD 68)Appears to have had a lengthy reign

After the end of the Kamnaskirid dynasty in the late first century AD, around the year 76, Elymais was ruled by a cadet branch of the Arsacid dynasty, the ruling dynasty of the Parthian Empire. Coins minted by the Arsacid kings of Elymais are highly similar to the coins minted by the Kamnaskirid rulers, though differ in including inscriptions in both Greek and Aramaic, rather than just Greek. PortraitNameReignSuccession and notesRefOrodes ILate 1st centuryFirst Arsacid king of ElymaisOrodes II(Kamnaskires Orodes)Late 1st/early 2nd centurySon of Orodes IPhraatesLate 1st/early 2nd centurySon of Orodes I or IIOsroes2nd centurySuccessor of Phraates, possibly the same person as the Parthian king Osroes I or an Elamite ruler who closely copied his coinsOrodes IIIwithUlfan2nd century( 138)Orodes III appears to have co ruled with a woman named Ulfan, possibly his queenAbar Basi2nd century(fl. 150)Attested and depicted in the Tang e Sarvak inscriptionOrodes IV2nd/3rd century(crowned 165/170)Possibly the same Orodes as an Orodes attested and depicted in the Tang e Sarvak inscription. Walter Bruno Henning speculated that Orodes IV was the son of Bel Dusa, high priest or grand vizier, and was installed as king by his father after the death of Abar Basi. Khwasak3rd century(fl. 215)Ruler of Susa shown in a relief from the city as receiving royal (?) power from the Parthian king Artabanus IVOrodes V3rd century(fl. 221/222)Last king of Elymais, attested in accounts of the rise of the Sasanian Empire as being defeated by Ardashir I in 221/222, whereafter Elymais was incorporated into the Sasanian Empire and abolished as a kingdom