Josephine Sophia White Griffing

American activist

On September 16, 1835, at the age of twenty, Josephine married Charles Stockman Spooner Griffing in Stafford, Connecticut. By 1842, the couple moved to Litchfield, Ohio, where they had five daughters. Three of their children survived into adulthood, including Emma, Helen, and Josephine Cora. Griffing also began going on lecture tours on abolitionism throughout the West, becoming one of the most prolific anti slavery speakers in the region. She also wrote articles for The Anti Slavery Bugle, a newspaper published out of Salem, Ohio.

During the Civil War, Griffing was struck by the plight of the recently freed slaves, especially those who were fleeing to Washington, D. C. Determined to help the freedpeople establish themselves, Griffing and her three daughters moved to Washington, D. C., in 1864, while her husband remained in Ohio. Why her husband remained behind is uncertain. Despite Griffing's prominence in the Freedmen's Bureau, she and the male leaders of the organization often conflicted over how best to aid the freedpeople of Washington. Griffing argued that the freedpeople required direct aid, such as food, clothes, and fuel, and that the Bureau's main goals should be to provide material aid for those living in Washington. This aid, according to Griffing, was necessary for the freedpeople to become financially stable, and once that occurred they could obtain jobs and support themselves. However, men involved in freedpeople's aid organizations disagreed with Griffing's claims. They often supported the ideals of free labor; these men encouraged self reliance and the signing of labor contracts so that freedpeople could survive financially without assistance as quickly as possible. Griffing openly spoke out about the lack of direct aid, claiming that 20,000 freedpeople in Washington, D. C., were suffering for lack of rations and supplies and that the Bureau men would not help them. The agents of the Bureau denied her statement, despite the evidence supporting her argument. Even with this setback, Griffing continued to help better the lives of the freedpeople. She worked with her government contacts to help freedpeople find jobs in the north, and sometimes travelled with them to make sure they arrived safely. The Freedmen's Bureau worked with Griffing on this project, providing barracks in Rhode Island, offices in New York City, and fund for rent and other necessary expenses.