Жапон шеберлігі: Раден өнері

Japanese decorative craft
the title of Javanese nobility

(螺鈿) is a Japanese term for one of the decorative techniques used in traditional crafts and woodwork. It refers to a method of inserting nacre into a carved surface of lacquer or wood. There is a theory that the technique of raden in the East was introduced from Persia in the Sasanian dynasty to China, and another theory that it started in the Yin dynasty, and the former theory is now widely accepted. since the Heian period, but raden declined in the Muromachi period. In the Edo period, many pieces of Japanese lacquerware were exported to royalty and nobility in Europe through Dutch East India Company and private traders. The lacquerware exported during the Edo period put more emphasis on artistic expression by maki e using gold powder lavishly than raden. In the 19th century, Japanese lacquerware with raden were exported again. The term may also be used for similar traditional work from Korea or countries in South East Asia such as Vietnam, or for modern work done in the West.

There are many ways that raden is produced, with all techniques classed under three main categories: atsugai (using thick shell pieces), usugai (using much thinner pieces), and kenma (the thinnest application of shell pieces). In atsugai raden, the shell is often cut with a scroll saw, then finished with a file or rubstone before application. In usugai raden, the thinner shell pieces are usually made using a template and a special punch. Kenma raden is fashioned similarly to usugai raden. Methods of application are varied. Thick shell pieces may be inlaid into pre carved settings, while thinner pieces may be pressed into a very thick coating of lacquer, or applied using an adhesive and then lacquered over. Other methods use acid washing and lacquering to produce different effects. Raden is especially combined with maki e – gold or silver lacquer sprinkled with metal powder as a decoration.

Raden was imported to Nara period (710–794 CE) Japan from Tang dynasty China (618–907 CE) and was used in mosaics and other items in combination with amber and tortoise shell. Raden developed rapidly in the Heian period (794–1185), and was used in architecture as well as lacquerware. Raden has been used in combination with maki e, a unique Japanese technique, since the Heian period. The raden works of a number of famous Edo period craftsmen are still celebrated, namely those of Tōshichi Ikushima, Chōbei Aogai, and the Somada brothers. Raden is widespread in Japan today, and is made for many applications, modern and classic.