Магриб әліпбиінің түрлері

Form of Arabic script

Maghrebi script or Maghribi script (الخط المغربي) refers to a loosely related family of Arabic scripts that developed in the Maghreb (North Africa), al Andalus (Iberia), and Bilad as Sudan (the West African Sahel). Maghrebi script is directly derived from the Kufic script, and is traditionally written with a pointed tip (القلم المدبَّب), producing a line of even thickness. The script is characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline. It also differs from Mashreqi scripts in the notation of the letters faa (Maghrebi: ڢ ; Mashreqi: ف) and qoph (Maghrebi: ڧ ; Mashreqi: ق).

Arabic script first came to the Maghreb with the Islamic conquests (643–709). The conquerors, led by Uqba ibn Nafi, used both Hijazi and Kufic scripts, as demonstrated in coins minted in 711 under Musa ibn Nusayr. Maghrebi script is a direct descendant of the old Kufic script that predated Ibn Muqla's al khat al mansub (الخَط المَنْسُوب proportioned line) standardization reforms, which affected Mashreqi scripts. In al Maghreb al Aqsa (المغرب الأڧصى, 'the Far West', Morocco), the script developed independently from the Kufic of the Maghrawa and Bani Ifran under the Idrisid dynasty (788–974); The University of al Qarawiyyin, the Almoravid Qubba, and the Almoravid Minbar bear examples of Almoravid Kufic. The Kufic script of the Almoravid dinar was imitated in a maravedí issued by Alfonso VIII of Castile. The minbar of the al Qarawiyyin Mosque, created in 1144, was the "last major testament of Almoravid patronage," and features what is now called Maghrebi thuluth, an interpretation of Eastern thuluth and diwani traditions.

Under the Almohad dynasty, Arabic calligraphy continued to flourish and a variety of distinct styles developed. The Maghrebi thuluth script was appropriated and adopted as an official "dynastic brand" used in different media, from manuscripts to coinage to fabrics. According to Muhammad al Manuni [ar], there were 104 paper mills in Fes under the reign of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin in the 11th century, and 400 under the reign of Sultan Yaqub al Mansur in the 12th century.

thumb|Maghrebi letters appeared in the first known Arabic alphabet to have been printed, in a 1505 book of the Spanish lexicographer Pedro de Alcalá. In Iberia, the Arabic script was used to write Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino. This writing system was referred to as Aljamiado, from ʿajamiyah (عجمية).

Waves of migration from Iberia throughout the history of al Andalus impacted writing styles in North Africa. Ibn Khaldun noted that the Andalusi script further developed under the Marinid dynasty (1244–1465), when Fes received Andalusi refugees. Muhammad Bin Al Qasim al Qundusi, active in Fes from 1828–1861, innovated a unique style known as al Khatt al Qundusi (الخط القندوسي). thumb|In this edition of es Saada from 1942, the Maghrebi ڢ appears in the headline but the Mashreqi ف is used in the body text. Additionally, books from the Mashreq printed in naskh scripts were imported for use in schools and universities, and handwriting began to be taught with mashreqi letter forms.

In 2007, Muḥammad al Maghrāwī and Omar Afa [ar] cowrote Maghrebi Script: History, Present, and Horizons (الخط المغربي: تاريخ وواقع وآفاق). The following year, the Muhammad VI Prize for the Art of Maghrebi Script, organized by the Moroccan Ministry of Islamic Affairs [ar], was announced. In early 2020, the President of Tunisia, Kais Saied, garnered significant media attention for his handwritten official letters in the Maghrebi script.