Нотериан схемалары және алгебралық геометриядағы қолданыстары

In algebraic geometry, a Noetherian scheme is a scheme that admits a finite covering by open affine subsets , where each is a Noetherian ring. More generally, a scheme is locally Noetherian if it is covered by spectra of Noetherian rings. Thus, a scheme is Noetherian if and only if it is locally Noetherian and compact. As with Noetherian rings, the concept is named after Emmy Noether. It can be shown that, in a locally Noetherian scheme, if  is an open affine subset, then A is a Noetherian ring. In particular, is a Noetherian scheme if and only if A is a Noetherian ring. Let X be a locally Noetherian scheme. Then the local rings are Noetherian rings. A Noetherian scheme is a Noetherian topological space. But the converse is false in general; consider, for example, the spectrum of a non Noetherian valuation ring. The definitions extend to formal schemes.

Having a (locally) Noetherian hypothesis for a statement about schemes generally makes a lot of problems more accessible because they sufficiently rigidify many of its properties.

One of the most important structure theorems about Noetherian rings and Noetherian schemes is the dévissage theorem. This theorem makes it possible to decompose arguments about coherent sheaves into inductive arguments. It is because given a short exact sequence of coherent sheavesproving one of the sheaves has some property is equivalent to proving the other two have the property. In particular, given a fixed coherent sheaf and a sub coherent sheaf , showing has some property can be reduced to looking at and Since this process can only be applied a finite number of times in a non trivial manner, this makes many induction arguments possible.

Every Noetherian scheme can only have finitely many components.

Every morphism from a Noetherian scheme is quasi compact.

There are many nice homological properties of Noetherian schemes.

Čech cohomology and sheaf cohomology agree on an affine open cover. This makes it possible to compute the sheaf cohomology of using Čech cohomology for the standard open cover.

Given a direct system of sheaves of abelian groups on a Noetherian scheme, there is a canonical isomorphismmeaning the functorspreserve direct limits and coproducts.

Given a locally finite type morphism to a Noetherian scheme and a complex of sheaves with bounded coherent cohomology such that the sheaves have proper support over , then the derived pushforward has bounded coherent cohomology over , meaning it is an object in .

Many of the schemes found in the wild are Noetherian schemes.

Another class of examples of Noetherian schemes are families of schemes where the base is Noetherian and is of finite type over This includes many examples, such as the connected components of a Hilbert scheme, i. e. with a fixed Hilbert polynomial. This is important because it implies many moduli spaces encountered in the wild are Noetherian, such as the Moduli of algebraic curves and Moduli of stable vector bundles. Also, this property can be used to show many schemes considered in algebraic geometry are in fact Noetherian.

In particular, quasi projective varieties are Noetherian schemes. This class includes algebraic curves, elliptic curves, abelian varieties, calabi yau schemes, shimura varieties, K3 surfaces, and cubic surfaces. Basically all of the objects from classical algebraic geometry fit into this class of examples.

In particular, infinitesimal deformations of Noetherian schemes are again Noetherian. For example, given a curve , any deformation is also a Noetherian scheme. A tower of such deformations can be used to construct formal Noetherian schemes.

One of the natural rings which are non Noetherian are the Ring of adeles for an algebraic number field In order to deal with such rings, a topology is considered, giving topological rings. There is a notion of algebraic geometry over such rings developed by Weil and Alexander Grothendieck.

Given an infinite Galois field extension , such as (by adjoining all roots of unity), the ring of integers is a Non noetherian ring which is dimension This breaks the intuition that finite dimensional schemes are necessarily Noetherian. Also, this example provides motivation for why studying schemes over a non Noetherian base; that is, schemes , can be an interesting and fruitful subject. One special casepg 93 of such an extension is taking the maximal unramified extension and considering the ring of integers The induced morphismforms the universal covering of .

Another example of a non Noetherian finite dimensional scheme (in fact zero dimensional) is given by the following quotient of a polynomial ring with infinitely many generators.