Бейнелемейтін оптика: Жарық сәулесін бағыттаудың жаңа тәсілдері

Nonimaging optics (also called anidolic optics) is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optimal radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.

Modern portable and wearable optical devices, and systems of small sizes and low weights may require nanotechnology. This issue may be addressed by nonimaging metaoptics, which uses metalenses and metamirrors to deal with the optimal transfer of light energy. Collecting radiation emitted by high energy particle collisions using the fewest photomultiplier tubes. Collecting luminescent radiation in photon upconversion devices with the compound parabolic concentrator being to date the most promising geometrical optics collector. Some of the design methods for nonimaging optics are also finding application in imaging devices, for example some with ultra high numerical aperture.

Early academic research in nonimaging optical mathematics seeking closed form solutions was first published in textbook form in a 1978 book. A modern textbook illustrating the depth and breadth of research and engineering in this area was published in 2004. or solar concentration in general have also been published, although this last reference by O'Gallagher describes mostly the work developed some decades ago. Other publications include book chapters. Imaging optics can concentrate sunlight to, at most, the same flux found at the surface of the Sun. Nonimaging optics have been demonstrated to concentrate sunlight to 84,000 times the ambient intensity of sunlight, exceeding the flux found at the surface of the Sun, and approaching the theoretical (2nd law of thermodynamics) limit of heating objects to the temperature of the Sun's surface. The simplest way to design nonimaging optics is called "the method of strings", based on the edge ray principle. Other more advanced methods were developed starting in the early 1990s that can better handle extended light sources than the edge ray method. These were developed primarily to solve the design problems related to solid state automobile headlamps and complex illumination systems. One of these advanced design methods is the simultaneous multiple surface design method (SMS). The 2D SMS design method is described in detail in the aforementioned textbooks. The 3D SMS design method was developed in 2003 by a team of optical scientists at Light Prescriptions Innovators.

In simple terms, the edge ray principle states that if the light rays coming from the edges of the source are redirected towards the edges of the receiver, this will ensure that all light rays coming from the inner points in the source will end up on the receiver. There is no condition on image formation, the only goal is to transfer the light from the source to the target. Figure Edge ray principle on the right illustrates this principle. A lens collects light from a source S1S2 and redirects it towards a receiver R1R2. The lens has two optical surfaces and, therefore, it is possible to design it (using the SMS design method) so that the light rays coming from the edge S1 of the source are redirected towards edge R1 of the receiver, as indicated by the blue rays. By symmetry, the rays coming from edge S2 of the source are redirected towards edge R2 of the receiver, as indicated by the red rays. The rays coming from an inner point S in the source are redirected towards the target, but they are not concentrated onto a point and, therefore, no image is formed. Actually, if we consider a point P on the top surface of the lens, a ray coming from S1 through P will be redirected towards R1. Also a ray coming from S2 through P will be redirected towards R2. A ray coming through P from an inner point S in the source will be redirected towards an inner point of the receiver. This lens then guarantees that all light from the source crossing it will be redirected towards the receiver. However, no image of the source is formed on the target. Imposing the condition of image formation on the receiver would imply using more optical surfaces, making the optic more complicated, but would not improve light transfer between source and target (since all light is already transferred). For that reason nonimaging optics are simpler and more efficient than imaging optics in transferring radiation from a source to a target.

Nonimaging optics devices are obtained using different methods. The most important are: the flow line or Winston Welford design method, the SMS or Miñano Benitez design method and the Miñano design method using Poisson brackets. The first (flow line) is probably the most used, although the second (SMS) has proven very versatile, resulting in a wide variety of optics. The third has remained in the realm of theoretical optics and has not found real world application to date. Often optimization is also used. Typically optics have refractive and reflective surfaces and light travels through media of different refractive indices as it crosses the optic. In those cases a quantity called optical path length (OPL) may be defined as where index i indicates different ray sections between successive deflections (refractions or reflections), ni is the refractive index and di the distance in each section i of the ray path. The OPL is constant between wavefronts. The main application of this method is in the design of ultra compact optics. Another variation is the confinement of light by caustics. Instead of light being confined by two reflective surfaces, it is confined by a reflective surface and a caustic of the edge rays. This provides the possibility to add lossless non optical surfaces to the optics.

This section describesblockquote|a nonimaging optics design method known in the field as the simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) or the Miñano Benitez design method. The abbreviation SMS comes from the fact that it enables the simultaneous design of multiple optical surfaces. The original idea came from Miñano. The design method itself was initially developed in 2 D by Miñano and later also by Benítez. The first generalization to 3 D geometry came from Benítez. It was then much further developed by contributions of Miñano and Benítez. Other people have worked initially with Miñano and later with Miñano and Benítez on programming the method. in the design of aspheric imaging lenses. Although the example given here was for solar energy concentration, the same principles apply for illumination in general. In practice, Köhler optics are typically not designed as a combination of nonimaging optics, but they are simplified versions with a lower number of active optical surfaces. This decreases the effectiveness of the method, but allows for simpler optics. Also, Köhler optics are often divided into several sectors, each one of them channeling light separately and then combining all the light on the target. An example of one of these optics used for solar concentration is the Fresnel R Köhler.

The development started in the mid 1960s at three different locations by V. K. Baranov (USSR) with the study of the focons (focusing cones) Martin Ploke (Germany), and Roland Winston (United States), and led to the independent origin of the first nonimaging concentrators, Among these three earliest works, the one most developed was the American one, resulting in what nonimaging optics is today. A good introduction was published by Winston, Roland. “Nonimaging Optics.” Scientific American, vol. 264, no. 3, 1991, pp. 76–81. JSTOR,

There are different commercial companies and universities working on nonimaging optics. Currently the largest research group in this subject is the Advanced Optics group at the CeDInt, part of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM).