Германия және басқа елдердегі "Реалшколе" мектебінің ерекшеліктері

Type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Estonia

Real school (Realschule, ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (realna gimnazija), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (realskole), Sweden (realskola), Finland (reaalikoulu), Hungary (reáliskola), Latvia (reālskola), Slovenia (realka), Serbia (realna gimnazija/realka), and the Russian Empire (реальное училище), including partitioned Poland (szkoła realna).

The German tripartite system of education has been widely criticized for separating children along class lines at a very early age. For instance, in some German states, a decision is made in the sixth or even the fourth grade about whether a child is to continue in the Gymnasium, the Realschule, or the Hauptschule. Only the Gymnasium is a university preparatory school, so critics argue that a decision is made as early as the fourth grade about whether a child will be allowed to attend college. The system is considered so onerous outside Germany that the OECD even sent a special envoy to Germany to condemn current German practice. Specifically, the Brazilian expert found that German schools separate children according to social class, with children of academics and professionals more often being sent on to a Gymnasium, and working class children being sent to a Realschule or a Hauptschule. According to critics, the system is widely considered within Germany to be socially useful in the sense that the upper class is able to reserve the best schools for itself without having to resort to private schools. Finally, no democratic society outside the German speaking world has tripartite school systems that separate children largely according to background; this finding was the main complaint about Germany in the recent PISA study. Proponents of the tripartite system consider the arguments brought forward by the critics to be invalid. They point to the fact that not only Gymnasium, but also comprehensive schools and schools serving mature students such as the Kolleg or the Berufsoberschule offer the possibility for the Abitur. Also it is possible to attend college without holding the Abitur. They also hold the opinion that state funded Realschulen and Gymnasiums offered many working class children the possibility to move up the social ladder. Also, proponents of the tripartite system fear the abolishing Gymnasia and Realschulen will lead to the growth of a private school sector. Proponents of the Realschule also hold the opinion that it aids students' personality development. According to a study those attending a Realschule became more altruistic and more likely to care for others over time.

The "Erweiterte Realschule" (expanded Realschule) is a school that exists in the German State of the Saarland. It is not to be confused with the Realschule. While the Realschule is a selective school, the Erweiterte Realschule is a school that does not select its students on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. It streams students by perceived ability after 7th grade. The "Realschule Plus" is a non selective school that exists in the State of Rhineland Palatinate. It offers general education classes (that resemble normal Realschule classes) as well as remedial classes. The Erweiterte Realschule and the Realschule Plus are not the school of first choice for many students and often are attended by students who have been turned down by or have been expelled from other schools.

The first in the empire was established in Vienna, 1771. Systematically they were founded by Habsburg Monarchy after 1804: e. g. 1811 in Brno (German language), 1815 in Brody (Galicia), 1817 in Lviv and Trieste etc. In the Czech lands, in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 43 Czech language reálka, namely 30 in Bohemia and 13 in Moravia. There existed also German language Realschulen. After World War I, many Realschulen became transformed to Realgymnasien. Realschulen were abolished in 1948 in Czechoslovakia. The Realgymnasium was a compromise type between the Realschule and Gymnasium. In the Czech lands, Realgymnasien were established between 1862 (the first one in Tábor) and 1913 (the last one in Jilemnice). In the Czech lands, in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 35 Czech language Realgymnasien; namely 24 in Bohemia, 10 in Moravia, and one in Czech Silesia. In 1908, the Reformrealgymnasium was created as a new type of school in Austria Hungary. Up to 1918, just seven such schools were established, two of them in the Czech lands (1909 Vrchlabí, 1911 Bohumín), both of them German language.

The realskole existed in Norway between 1935 and 1970. It replaced the former middelskole, and was the level between folkeskole (primary school) and gymnasium. The majority historically left school after folkeskole, and the realskole was meant as preparation for the gymnasium, itself a preparation for university studies. Only a small minority attended gymnasium in those times.