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Geological theory that Earth's igneous rocks formed by solidification of molten material
the 18th century geological theory

Plutonism is the geologic theory that the igneous rocks forming the Earth originated from intrusive magmatic activity, with a continuing gradual process of weathering and erosion wearing away rocks, which were then deposited on the sea bed, re formed into layers of sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again. It proposes that basalt is solidified molten magma. The theory lead to plutonic (intrinsic) rock classification, which includes intrinsic igneous rocks such as gabbro, diorite, granite and pegmatite. The name plutonism references Pluto, the classical ruler of the underworld and the Roman god of wealth. A main reason Pluto was incorporated into the classification was due to the plutonic rocks commonly being present in gold and silver ore deposits (veins). The Oxford English Dictionary traces use of the word "plutonists" to 1799, and the appearance of the word plutonism to 1842. Abbé Anton Moro, who had studied volcanic islands, first proposed the theory before 1750, and James Hutton subsequently developed it as part of his Theory of the Earth,
published in 1788, which used the Glen Tilt of Perthshire as the prime example supporting his theory; an example used by Neptunism to prove their theory as well. Comparatively, plutonism within uniformitarianism is equivalent to neptunism within catastrophism, as both are used as core concepts within their respective theories, and hence similarly, neptunism opposes plutonism in the same way that catastrophism opposes uniformitarianism.

Plutonism is a geological theory proposed by James Hutton, where he proposed that the main cause of the current arrangement of rocks and the Earth's surface landscape was driven through the heat provided by magma concealed within surface of the Earth, which occurred over the course of thousands if not millions of years. This process is influenced by the production of magma. The process of magma production occurs during the process of mountain formation in which two specific locations where magma would be generated. The first involves high grade metamorphism occurring within “thickened continental crust” resulting in granitic magma, hence resulting in a direct formation.

During the 18th century scientists enquired about the process and context in which the current rock landscape on the Earth's surface came into existence and why it was in the current arrangement. From this enquiry came about two prevailing theories: plutonism, which was proposed by James Hutton, and neptunism, which was proposed by Abraham Gottlob Werner. Hutton proposed the Earth was undergoing a slow but continuous changes, where such changes on the Earth namely occur through volcanism, erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments. Additionally, John Playfair would argue Plutonism being the correct theory as opposed to Neptunism. This allowed Hutton’s work to not simply disappear in the abyss of scientific hypotheses and proposed theories, ensuring that other scientists would be able to notice Hutton’s theories. Playfair’s work led to Lyell being more able to uncover the existence of such theories, which he then implemented within uniformitarianism to end the geological schism. Charles Lyell: a scientist who is credited as being “one of the most important scientists of geology in the 19th century”, due to founding uniformitarianism, which has been the widely accepted geological theory after the 1830s. His theory incorporated Hutton’s plutonism as core principles, which lead to a de facto acceptance of plutonism over neptunism. His theory, however, was competing with the theory of catastrophism, which accepted neptunism as part of its core concepts. Though at the time, uniformitarianism became more accepted, current scientific thinking now accepts that aspects of both theories are true for the general formation of the current landscape observed on the Earth.