Мидраша: Әйелдердің діни білім орталықтары тарихы мен түрлері

Midrasha (Hebrew: מדרשה; : midrashot/midrashas) is a Hebrew term currently used for three types of educational institutions:
Torah study institutions for women of post high school age. Also called "seminaries". and is then generalized to mean "expound". It is cognate with the Arabic "," which also refers to a place of learning. A midrasha that offers degree studies is sometimes titled machon (מכון, institute) or michlalah (מכללה, college).

Haredi aligned seminaries, such as Beth Jacob Jerusalem and Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls, are modeled on the Bais Yaakov movement's teacher training seminary established by Sarah Schenirer in 1923. Beis Yaakov will typically refer to high school, while "seminary" is a term used for a post high school institution. Outside of Europe, the Beis Yaakov Seminary, Tel Aviv was founded in 1933, and Jerusalem's Beis Yaakov Institute for Teachers in 1939; the first Seminary in the USA was established by Vichna Kaplan in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in 1941; Gateshead Seminary in the UK, was founded in 1944. The Rika Breuer Teachers Seminary – of the Breuers / Khal Adath Jeshurun community – was established in the 1960s and operated for over 40 years (see ). Additionally, Bais Medrash L'Morim was established in 1864 by Seligman Baer Bamberger; and "Yavneh", a women's seminary established in 1930 in association with the Telshe Yeshiva. The Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox midrashot began to be established in the late 1970s, parallel to the Hesder yeshivot; these include the Religious Kibbutz Movement's Midreshet Ein HaNetziv, Midreshet Lindenbaum, and Migdal Oz, sister school of Yeshivat Har Etzion. Precedent, are the Mizrachi Teachers Training College, today's Lifshitz College of Education, which was established in Jerusalem in 1921; the Talpiot Bet Medrash for Teachers in 1937; and Machon Gold in 1958. Lindenbaum, in 1976, was the first established independent of a teacher's college.

and seminaries vary in curriculum and hashkafah, or outlook. All cover the Tanakh (Bible), Jewish philosophy (often called "Machshavah"), practical Halacha (Jewish law; "Halacha LeMaaseh"), and Hasidic philosophy / Musar (character development);

Seminary programs usually span two years post high school. Seminaries are typically more conservative in their approach than Midrashot: selections from the Talmud – usually the non legalistic aggadah – may be studied, but only in the context of other classes, especially philosophy and Musar; the only section of Talmud studied directly is Pirkei Avot, comprising ethical teachings and maxims. These institutions relatedly assign less weight to textual skills,
In Israel, the two year certificates are jointly through the Szold Institute, and are recognized by the Israel Ministry of Education as equivalent to the national matriculation. Chabad's Beth Rivkah offers a B. A. and M. A. jointly with the Shaanan Religious College of Education; "Beth Chanah", its affiliated program in Tzfat and Jerusalem, offers a 2 year certificate. JCT's Lustig Campus in Ramat Gan hosts degree programs for Haredi and Hasidic women; see also The Haredi Campus – The Academic College Ono. In the Religious Zionist community, women often continue their studies at one of the midrasha affiliated teacher training colleges, which offer an intensive Torah program in conjunction with the B. Ed. degree; (master's level) specializations are often offered in Tanakh or Machshavah. The year in Midrasha is sometimes integrated with the college program.). Machon Tal, associated with JCT, the Jerusalem College of Technology, similarly offers degrees in engineering and management. Female faculty at Midrashot often hold Doctorates, usually from Bar Ilan. Most Seminaries and midrashot for English speaking students are accredited by American colleges; (see ). Some offer second year programs with religious studies classes in the morning and general studies classes in the afternoons, allowing students to pursue a religious education with a college degree simultaneously. In the US, the Modern Orthodox Stern College for Women (Yeshiva University) combines Torah and University studies, as at Bar Ilan; the Haredi Lander College for Women similarly. Stern graduates often pursue Torah topics at the Masters level, through the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies. In recent years some midrashot offer specialized programs in Halacha, comprising Talmud intensive source study, with certifying examinations on the relevant sections of codified law in the Shulchan Aruch. Nishmat trains women as Yoatzot Halacha, advisors in the laws of Tahara, or Family purity; Lindenbaum, through a joint program, prepares women as to'anot, advocates in religious courts for matters relating to divorce. Three programs mirror the Rabbinate's ordination requirement for men: Ein Hanetziv trains students as "Teachers of Halacha", Lindenbaum in "Halachik leadership" and Matan as "Halachik Respondents". Yeshiva University's "GPATS", offers women graduate students a Master's program in advanced Talmud and Halacha, such that they are "credentialed" for communal leadership roles.

As above, the term "midrasha" is sometimes used for pluralistic, as opposed to orthodox, institutions for Torah study. These are usually structured around continuing / adult education, and accept both men and women. Examples in Israel are the Ein Prat Midrasha and the Midrasha at the Oranim Academic College; elsewhere, the Melton School's Midrasha in Cape Town. Other non orthodox programs for women (usually egalitarian) include those at "Pardes", which offers various learning formats worldwide, and Mechon Hadar a Conservative aligned beth midrash in New York. Oranim, in partnership with the Shalom Hartman Institute, in fact offers a pluralistic ordination to both men and women. Within the Orthodox community, continuing education programs for women, similar to these, are also commonly offered. In Israel, popular offerings are those of Matan and Emunah, while Midreshet Afikim is a program for high school students; Mizrachi's "Lapidot" program, among others, comprises weekly training for teachers in Mishna, Gemara and Halacha, and Machshava. The London School of Jewish Studies' Women's Midrasha series similarly provides regular text based classes; other UK based programs include "Ma'ayan", emphasizing Tahara, and "Bradfield", preparing community educators and leaders. In South Africa, "Isha Bekia" is a textual skill centered program. Many diaspora synagogues host a "campus midrasha" or suchlike, offering scheduled daily classes on various topics; many also host a "Community Kollel", which has a corresponding function, and offers adult education to both men and women (usually separately). In the United States, the term Midrasha is also used for programs where high school students can continue their Jewish education post bar / bat mitzvah.

אשכולות פורום מרכזי סיור ותודעה ישראלית, an umbrella organization for regional educational tour centers focused on Jewish Israeli identity awareness, operates "midrashot" aimed at knowledge of the Land of Israel. Oranim Academic College of Education: Established in 1951 as Seminar Oranim, it was part of the Kibbutz Movement and trained educators for every level, with a focus on kibbutz schools, and including for work with new immigrants; since the mid 1990's it has been accredited as an academic college of education by the Israeli "Council for Higher Education", expanding and partly refocusing its activities. Oranim operates several programs called Midrasha. The HaMidrasha educational center for the renewal of Jewish life in Israel was established in 1989 for non orthodox Jewish Israelis and promotes an Israeli Zionist approach to Jewish identity. Midreshet Natur is a collaborative beit midrash with religious and secular participants, and Madrassa/Midrasha pursues Arab–Jewish coexistence in the Galilee through education.

Midreshet Ben Gurion – also known as Midreshet Sde Boker – is an educational center and boarding school in the south. Beit Berl College's school of art is called "HaMidrasha".