Психология тарихының кестесі

Timeline of the history of psychology

This article is a general timeline of psychology.

c. 1800 – Franz Joseph Gall developed cranioscopy, the measurement of the skull to determine psychological characteristics, which was later renamed phrenology; it is now discredited. 1807 – Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published Phenomenology of Spirit (Mind), which describes his thesis antithesis synthesis dialectical method, according to which knowledge pushes forwards to greater certainty, and ultimately towards knowledge of the noumenal world. 1808 – Johann Christian Reil coined the term "psychiatry".

1812 – Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, the first American textbook on psychiatry.

1829 – John Stuart Mill's father James Mill published Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (2 vols. ).

1852 – Hermann Lotze published Medical Psychology or Physiology of the Soul. 1856 – Hermann Lotze began publishing his 3 volume magnum opus Mikrokosmos (1856–64), arguing that natural laws of inanimate objects apply to human minds and bodies but have the function of enabling us to aim for the values set by the deity, thus making room for aesthetics. 1859 – Pierre Briquet published Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie.

1860s – Franciscus Donders first used human reaction time to infer differences in cognitive processing. 1860 – Gustav Theodor Fechner published Elements of Psychophysics, founding the subject of psychophysics. 1861 – Paul Broca discovered an area in the left cerebral hemisphere that is important for speech production, now known as Broca's area, founding neuropsychology. 1869 – Francis Galton published Hereditary Genius, arguing for eugenics. He went on to found psychometrics, differential psychology, and the lexical hypothesis of personality.

1872 – Douglas Spalding published his discovery of psychological imprinting. 1874 – Wilhelm Wundt published Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychology), the first textbook of experimental psychology. 1878 – G. Stanley Hall was awarded the first PhD on a psychological topic from Harvard (in philosophy). 1879 – Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany.

1890 – Christian von Ehrenfels published On the Qualities of Form, founding Gestalt psychology. 1890 – William James published The Principles of Psychology. 1890 – James Hayden Tufts founded the United States' 9th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Michigan. 1890 – G. T. W. Patrick founded the United States' 10th experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Iowa. 1890 – James McKeen Cattell left Pennsylvania for Columbia University where he founded the United States' 11th experimental psychology laboratory. 1890 – James Mark Baldwin founded the first permanent experimental psychology laboratory in the British Empire at the University of Toronto. 1891 – Frank Angell founded the United States' 12th experimental psychology laboratory at the Cornell University. 1891 – Edvard Westermarck described the Westermarck effect, where people raised early in life in close domestic proximity later become desensitized to close sexual attraction, raising theories about the incest taboo. 1892 – G. Stanley Hall et al. founded the American Psychological Association (APA). 1892 – Edward Bradford Titchener took a professorship at Cornell University, replacing Frank Angell who left for Stanford University. 1892 – Edward Wheeler Scripture founded the experimental psychology laboratory at Yale University, the 19th in United States. 1892–1893 – Charles A. Strong opened the experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Chicago, the 20th in the United States, at which James Rowland Angell conducted the first experiments of functionalism in 1896. 1894 – Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to be granted a PhD in Psychology after she studied under E. B. Titchener at Cornell University. 1894 – James McKeen Cattell and James Mark Baldwin founded the Psychological Review to compete with Hall's American Journal of Psychology. 1895 – Gustave Le Bon published The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. 1896 – John Dewey published the paper The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, founding functionalism. 1896 – The first psychological clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer; although often celebrated as marking the birth of clinical psychology, it was focused primarily on educational matters. 1896 – Edward B. Titchener, student of Wilhelm Wundt and originator of the terms "structuralism" and "functionalism" published An Outline of Psychology. 1897 – Havelock Ellis published Sexual Inversion. 1898 – Boris Sidis published The Psychology of Suggestion: A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society. 1899 – On 4 November Sigmund Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung), marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, which attempts to deal with the Oedipal complex.

1900 – Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. 1903 – John B. Watson graduated from the University of Chicago; his dissertation on rat behavior has been described as a "classic of developmental psychobiology" by historian of psychology Donald Dewsbury. 1903 – Helen Thompson Woolley published her doctoral dissertation, The Mental Traits of Sex, for which she had conducted the first experimental test of sex differences. 1904 – Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his studies of conditioning. This was the first Prize given for research adopted by psychologists. 1904 – Charles Spearman published the article General Intelligence in the American Journal of Psychology, introducing the g factor theory of intelligence. 1905 Mary Calkins was the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. 1905 – Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet Simon scale to identify students needing extra help, marking the beginning of standardized psychological testing. 1905 – Edward Thorndike published the law of effect. 1905 – Sigmund Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. 1906 – The Journal of Abnormal Psychology was founded by Morton Prince, for which Boris Sidis was an associate editor and significant contributor. 1908 – Sigmund Freud published the paper On the Sexual Theories of Children, introducing the concept of penis envy; he also published the paper 'Civilized' Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness. 1908 – Wilfred Trotter published the first paper explaining the herd instinct. 1909 – Sigmund Freud lectured at Clark University, winning over the U. S. establishment.

1920 – John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted the Little Albert experiment, using classical conditioning to make a young boy afraid of white rats. 1921 – Sigmund Freud published Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. 1921 – Jacob L. Moreno conducted the first large scale public psychodrama session at the Komedienhaus in Vienna; he moved to New York in 1925. 1921 – Melanie Klein began to develop her technique of analyzing children. 1922 – Karen Horney began publishing a series of 14 papers (last in 1937) questioning Freud's theories on women, founding feminist psychology. 1922 – Boris Sidis published Nervous Ills: Their Cause and a Cure, a popularization of his work concerning the subconscious and the treatment of psychopathic disease. 1923 – Sigmund Freud published The Ego and the Id. 1924 – Jacob Robert Kantor founded interbehavioral psychology based on John Dewey's psychology and Albert Einstein's relativity theory. 1924 – Otto Rank published The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre Oedipal". Freud had originally praised him for such, but changed his stance and as such caused their falling out. 1926 – Otto Rank gave the lecture "The Genesis of the Object Relation", founding object relations theory. 1927 – Ivan Pavlov published Conditioned Reflexes, containing his theory of classical conditioning. 1928 – Jean Piaget published Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. 1928 – Shoma Morita published Morita Therapy: The True Nature of Shinkeishitsu (Anxiety based Disorders), which contains his peripheral theory of consciousness, while noting Freud's theory of the unconscious. (Translation by A. Kondo, Edited by P. LeVine in 1998, SUNY Press)
1929 – Edwin Boring published A History of Experimental Psychology, pioneering the history of psychology. 1929 – Lev Vygotsky founded cultural historical psychology.

1950 – Karen Horney summarized her ideas in her magnum opus Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self Realization. 1950 – Erik Erikson published Childhood and Society, in which he introduced his theory on the stages of psycho social development and the concept of an identity crisis. 1950 – Rollo May published The Meaning of Anxiety. 1951 – Solomon Asch published the Asch conformity experiments, demonstrating the power of conformity in groups. 1951 – Morton Deutsch published Interracial Housing: A Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment, producing scientific evidence of the bad effects of segregated housing, helping to end it in the U. S.
1951 – Carl Rogers published his magnum opus Client Centered Therapy. 1951 – Lee Cronbach published his measure of reliability, now known as Cronbach's alpha. 1952 – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), marking the beginning of modern mental illness classification; it was revised in 1968, 1980–7, 1994, 2000 and 2013. 1952 – Hans Eysenck started a debate on psychotherapy with his critical review, claiming that psychotherapy had no documented effect, and psychoanalysis had negative effects. 1953 – Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. 1953 – Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research. 1953 – David McClelland proposed need theory. 1953 – B. F. Skinner outlined behavioral therapy, lending support for behavioral psychology via research in the literature. 1953 – The Code of Ethics for Psychologists was developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). 1953 – Harry Stack Sullivan published The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, which holds that an individual's personality is formed by relationships. 1954 – Abraham Maslow helped to found humanistic psychology, later developing Maslow's hierarchy of needs. 1954 – Paul E. Meehl published a paper claiming that mechanical (formal algorithmic) methods of data combination outperform clinical (subjective informal) methods when used to arrive at a prediction of behavior. 1954 – James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discovered the brain reward system, involving the brain's pleasure center. 1954 – Julian Rotter published Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, founding social learning theory. 1954 – Herman Witkin published Personality Through Perception, which claims that personality can be revealed through differences in how people perceive their environment; he went on to develop the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). 1954 – Bronisław Malinowski publishes Magic, Science and Religion on magical thinking and the psychology of religion. Earlier, he studied sets of rituals he referred to as magic, and distinguished these from purely religious rituals, with the latter's purpose being the coping with one's fundamental human crisis of apparent finiteness/mortality. 1955 – Lee Cronbach published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests, popularizing the concept of construct validity. 1955 – J. P. Guilford developed the Structure of Intellect (SOI) theory, which divides human intelligence into 150 abilities along three dimensions, operations, content, and products; it is discredited by the 1990s. 1955 – George Kelly founded personal construct psychology. 1956 – George Armitage Miller published the paper The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, in which he showed that there is a limit on the amount of information that can be memorized at one time. 1956 – Rollo May published Existence, promoting existential psychology. 1957 – Leon Festinger published his theory of cognitive dissonance. 1957 – Stanley Smith Stevens published Stevens' power law. 1957 – Eric Berne developed Transactional analysis (TA), in which psychiatry patients can be treated for emotional distresses by analyzing and altering their social transactions. 1958 – John Cohen published Humanistic Psychology, the first book on the subject. 1958 – Harry Harlow gave the speech The Nature of Love, summarizing his isolation studies on infant monkeys and rejecting behavioristic and psychoanalytic theories of attachment. 1958 – Joseph Wolpe published his theory of reciprocal inhibition, leading to his theory of systematic desensitization for anxieties and phobias. 1959 – Viktor Frankl published the first English edition of Man's Search for Meaning [with a preface by Gordon Allport], which provided an existential account of his Holocaust experience and an overview of his system of existential analysis called Logotherapy. 1959 – Noam Chomsky published his review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, an event seen as by many as the start of the cognitive revolution. 1959 – George Mandler and William Kessen published The Language of Psychology. 1959 – Lawrence Kohlberg wrote his doctoral dissertation, outlining Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

1990 – On 17 May the World Health Organization (WHO) declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder, launching the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. 1990 – Leonard Berkowitz published the cognitive neoassociation model of aggressive behavior to cover the cases missed by the frustration aggression hypothesis. 1991 – Steven Pinker proposed his theory on how children acquire language in Science, later popularized in the book The Language Instinct. 1991 – The first issue of Feminism & Psychology was published. 1992 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) extended the provisions of its 1991 resolution (see above) to training candidates at its affiliated institutes. and in 1998 published the book Affective Neuroscience – The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
1992 – Sandra Scarr published Developmental Theories of the 1990s, proposing that genes control experiences, and search and create environments. 1992 – Joseph LeDoux summarized and published his research on brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. 1992 – The American Psychological Association (APA) selected behavioral genetics as one of two themes that best represented the past, present, and future of psychology. 1994 – DSM IV was published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994 – Antonio Damasio published Descartes' Error, presenting the somatic marker hypothesis (SMH) by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision making. 1994 – Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray published The Bell Curve. 1994 – Michael Posner and Marcus Raichle published Images of the Mind, using positron emission tomography (PET) to localize brain cognitive functions. 1994 – Esther Thelen and Linda B. Smith published A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action, a book on the use of developmental models based on dynamic systems. 1994 – A study reports that magical thinking emerges more frequently under high stress (e. g. immediate death anxiety) conditions. 1994 – Harvard University professor of psychiatry John E. Mack interviews dozens of experiencers of the 1994 Ariel School UFO incident, reporting the event to the world, which indicated that the event cannot be dismissed as mass hysteria, after going on television with alien abductees during the spring of 1994
1995 – Simon Baron Cohen coined the term mental blindness to reflect the inability of children with autism to properly represent the mental states of others. 1996 – Giacomo Rizzolatti published his discovery of mirror neurons. 1996 – Amos Tversky defined ambiguity aversion, the idea that people do not like ambiguous choices, relating it to comparative ignorance. 1997 – The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) became the first U. S. national mental health organization to support same sex marriage. 1998 – Martin Seligman established Positive Psychology as his main theme when he became President of the American Psychological Association (APA). 1999 – George Botterill published The Philosophy of Psychology, about how modern cognitive science challenges our common sense self image.