Жақсылық туралы есімшелер мен жай сөздердің атқарар қызметі

In English grammar, a flat adverb, bare adverb, or simple adverb is an adverb that has the same form as the corresponding adjective, so it usually does not end in ly, e. g. "drive slow", "drive fast", "dress smart", etc. The term includes words that naturally end in ly in both forms, e. g. "drive friendly". Flat adverbs were once quite common but have been largely replaced by their ly counterparts. In the 18th century, grammarians believed flat adverbs to be adjectives, and insisted that adverbs needed to end in ly. According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, "It's these grammarians we have to thank for the sad lack of flat adverbs today". There are now only a few flat adverbs, and some are widely thought of as incorrect. Despite bare adverbs being grammatically correct and widely used by respected authors, they are often stigmatized. There have even been public campaigns against street signs with the traditional text "go slow" and the innovative text "drive friendly." The adverb seldom is a curious example. It dates back to Anglo Saxon times, but starting in the 1960s the same word began appearing in English books as seldomly. It has been hypothesized that the decline in usage of seldom in English, combined with the 18th century insistence on adverbs ending in ly, resulted in its occasionally used ly form. Similarly, usage of the word "thus" has fallen since 1800 – while usage of an ly form, thusly, has spiked recently. Numerical adjectives (first, second, last) rarely are used in an ly form despite having a valid alternative. While words like firstly and lastly exist, their flat form is much more commonly used. Here, in contrast to other flat adverbs such as good ("they cook good"), the flat form is universally accepted in English as proper speech.

Flat adverbs work as intensifiers that modify specific words. Consider sentences containing real and really (* signifies ungrammaticality):

I really like the pie. I real like the pie. *Here, real becomes really to become an adverb to the verb like, while real cannot do the same and remain flat. According to data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, real was followed by a verb only 657 times. For comparison, real was followed by an adjective 12,813 times, with good being the most common adjective collocated (1,584 times). In this case, real can only modify adjectives. This pie tastes really good. This pie tastes real good. (informal)

This pie really tastes good. (meaning is changed)

This pie real tastes good. *Alternatively, the flat adverb sure can only modify verbs. Citing data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, sure was followed by a verb 7,396 times, but it was rarely followed by an adjective at only 470 times. Compare:We sure had a great time. We surely had a great time. We had a sure great time. *

We had a surely great time. (meaning is changed)This can possibly be explained by the differing uses of the suffix ly, and another adverbial suffix, e. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there are two different uses of the suffix ly: when the suffix transforms a word into an adjective (e. g. brotherly), and when it forms an adverb. The suffix's origins are in Old English, coming from lice, which is related to the German lich. Due to its use in history, many verbs and adverbs have been formed from roots that are harder to recognize today (compare: verily as very+ly, only as one+ly, especially as especial+ly). Before ly, e was the most common adverbial suffix in Old English. The suffixes were not competing and could even be used interchangeably (rhyte – rhytlice are both 'rightly'). Examinations of texts from the time period show that the e form was more common in poetry, while the lice form was more common in prose. As English developed as a language, it began weakening its vowels, and as such the e suffix gradually disappeared, making the adverbs bare. Some words retained adverbial use without the e, such as long, fast, or hard. The adverbs had dwindled in number but did not die out entirely. An example of a more advanced adverb would be the sentential naturally, as in naturally, we got along.

The term 'flat adverb' was coined in 1871 by John Earle, and even in that time they were viewed as "rustic and poetic" because they were "archaic". Flat adverbs were relatively common in English through the 18th century, although more so in the United States. Earle writes that the flat adverb was "all but universal with the illiterate". Although grammarians stigmatized them, flat adverbs are found to be accepted by English speakers and their usage has grown over the past century. A survey carried out in the 1960s studied people's attitudes towards usage problems in English. The examples "you'd better go slow" (rather than slowly) and "he did it quicker than he'd ever done it before" (rather than more quickly) contained flat adverbs – and the latter was found to be acceptable by just 42% of respondents. However, in a follow up in the 2010s by the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, using the same examples from the 1960s survey and others containing flat adverbs, they found that acceptance of flat adverbs has become much more widespread in recent years. Quicker was found to have an acceptance rate of 75%, while "you'd better go slow" was universally accepted.