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Species of New World monkey

The black capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) is a species of New World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru. Black capped squirrel monkeys are primarily tree dwelling and are found in both native and plantation forests as well as some farmed areas near running water. They mostly live in female dominated troops of around 40 to 75 monkeys, with males having been observed to disperse to live in all male troops after reaching sexual maturation. Their current conservation status according to the IUCN is 'Least Concern'. The species belongs to the genus Saimiri and has two subspecies, S. b. boliviensis (the Bolivian squirrel monkey) and S. b. peruviensis (the Peruvian squirrel monkey).

The black capped squirrel monkey displays sexual dimorphism, with males normally weighing between 550 and 1135 grams and females weighing between 365 and 750 grams. Adults of the species measure in length (from the head to the base of the tail) between 250 and 370mm for males and 225 and 295mm for females. The coat of the monkey is short, soft and dense, and the majority of the fur covering the back of the monkey is a grey to olive brown hue, while the undersides are typically white, yellow or ochre. Physically, the black capped squirrel monkey is very similar to a number of other species of squirrel monkey, but is distinguishable from other species by a number of features. The most noticeable of these are the dark black cap and the white 'Roman type' arch pattern over the monkey's eyes, which is more narrow and rounded than the 'Gothic type' arch pattern over the eyes of the other species. The tail of the 'Roman type' species is also narrower than that of the 'Gothic type'. It has been hypothesised that this diversification occurred due to environmental changes in the Pleistocene period which allowed for thicker vegetation to appear in the Amazonian rainforest. they were first divided into two different 'types' – 'Roman' and 'Gothic' – in Paul D. Maclean's article 'Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus, published in 1964. Many different opinions on the taxonomic classification of Saimiri boliviensis as a separate species have been published, Based on cranial measurements and coat colouring, Thorington proposed Saimiri sciureus boliviensis as a sub species of Saimiri sciureus. The dispute over the taxonomic and genetic classification of the black capped squirrel monkey has become increasingly relevant with regards to their use in biomedical research, due to the fact that hybridisation may have an effect on the reproductive capabilities of the monkey, and has the potential to cause a differentiation in its susceptibility to certain pathogens and infections. Alternative or previously proposed taxonomic names include: They are found in lowland tropical rainforests near water in densely forested and swampy regions. When they reach sexual maturity, male Black capped squirrel monkeys will disperse from their natal troop into smaller all male groups, and will eventually join a larger mixed sex troop, often together with other males from the all male group. Males will become more irritable and aggressive, fight more frequently for the purpose of achieving dominance within the troop, and engage in genital display towards less dominant males. a variety of purrs and squawks elicited during the birthing and mating seasons, chirps and peeps used for alarm or attention, as well as aggressive screaming and 'barking'.

Black capped squirrel monkeys are omnivorous. A typical squirrel monkey diet includes fruits, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, arachnids, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and rarely fungi; however it has been observed that they prefer insects to fruit. They will occasionally adopt a stationary bipedal stance at ground level while foraging. The monkey's tail is usually used for balance, or by infants to secure them to their mother's tail or abdomen.

The black capped squirrel monkey population has been listed as being of 'Least Concern' by the IUCN, despite population numbers being in a general state of decline. It has been determined that the black capped squirrel monkey adapts easily to changes or potential threats to its environment, and is not subject to high levels of hunting by humans. According to the IUCN, the main threats to the habitat of the monkey are agricultural and aquacultural uses of their habitat, and the use of the monkey's biological resources for purposes such as hunting, trapping, logging and wood harvesting.