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Species of New World monkey
Speciesbox
| name = Mantled howler
| image = Panamanian Male Adult Howler Monkey. jpg
| image2 = Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata) (W ALOUATTA PALLIATA R1 C2). ogg
| image2 caption = Mantled howler calls, recorded in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica
| status = VU
| status system = IUCN3.1
| status ref =
| status2 = CITES A1
| status2 system = CITES
| status2 ref =
| genus = Alouatta
| species = palliata
| authority = (J. E. Gray, 1849)
| subdivision ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = Alouatta palliata aequatorialis Alouatta palliata mexicana Alouatta palliata palliata
| range map = Alouatta palliata Range Map cropped. svg
| range map caption = Distribution of Alouatta palliata This refers to the long guard hairs, known as a "mantle", on its sides. When the males reach maturity, the scrotum turns white. Females are between in body length, excluding tail, and males are between The prehensile tail is between long. Adult females generally weigh between , while males typically weigh between The brain of an adult mantled howler is about , which is smaller than that of several smaller monkey species, such as the white headed capuchin. The mantled howler shares several adaptations with other species of howler monkey that allow it to pursue a folivorous diet, that is, a diet with a large component of leaves. Its molars have high shearing crests, to help it eat the leaves, and males have an enlarged hyoid bone near the vocal cords. Males outrank females, and younger animals of each gender generally have a higher rank than older animals. Higher ranking animals get preference for food and resting sites, and the alpha male gets primary mating rights. Most grooming activities are short and are typically females grooming infants or adult males. Aggressive interactions between group members are not often observed either. However, affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur, mostly involving juveniles playing together, and at times the capuchins and howlers may feed in the same tree, apparently ignoring each other. This selectivity is likely to reduce the levels of toxins ingested, since certain leaves of various species contain toxins. Like other species of howler monkeys, almost all mantled howlers have full three color vision. This is different from other types of New World monkeys, in which most individuals have two color vision. The three color vision exhibited by the mantled howler is believed to be related to its dietary preferences, allowing it to distinguish young leaves, which tend to be more reddish, from more mature leaves. It will also sometimes leap to get to another limb. However, the mantled howler is a relatively inactive monkey. It sleeps or rests the entire night and about three quarters of the day. Most of the active period is spent feeding, with only about 4% of the day spent on social interaction. It can support its entire body weight with the tail, but more often holds on by the tail and both feet.

The mantled howler gets the name "howler" from the calls made by the males, particularly at dawn and dusk, but also in response to disturbances. The mantled howler also uses non vocal communication, such as "urine rubbing" when in a distressful social situation. This suggests that other howlers, such as the mantled howler, may also use tools in ways that have not yet been observed.

The mantled howler uses a polygamous mating system in which one male mates with multiple females. Alpha males generally maintain their status for about 2 1/2 to 3 years, during which time they may father 18 or so infants. The copulatory sequence begins when a receptive female approaches a male and engages in rhythmic tongue flicking. The male responds with the same tongue movements before the female turns while elevating her rump, which allows for mating to begin. Females apparently also use chemical signals, since males smell the females' genitals and taste their urine. When a male from outside the group ousts the previous alpha male, he normally kills any infants so that the mothers come into estrus quickly and are able to mate with him. The highest reproductive success occurs in the middle ranking females, with the alpha position lower possibly because of competitive pressures, and infant mortality appears to be lower when the timing of births in a group of females is clustered. Within Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama, the mantled howler is found in locations throughout the countries. The mantled howler lives in several different types of forest, including secondary forest and semi deciduous forest but is found in higher densities in older areas of forest and in areas containing evergreen forest. The mantled howler is sympatric with another howler monkey species, the Guatemalan black howler, A. pigra, over a small part of its range, in Guatemala and Mexico near the Yucatan Peninsula. In addition, food limitation in areas of reduced surface area was forcing individuals to adapt their diet to increased food deprivation. Veà highlighted that “although this situation revealed up to what point individuals have the capacity for adaption, in some cases, undernourishment can lead to health problems that would make the population inviable”. Results can be compared to humans who “do not always eat everything which they should, for example in underdeveloped countries that have problems with malnutrition, rickets, a range of illnesses, but this does not put an end to the population, but rather provokes them to change their characteristics”. However, the mantled howler can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its low energy lifestyle, small home ranges and ability to exploit widely available food sources. The mantled howler is important to its ecosystems for a number of reasons, but especially in its capacity as a seed disperser and germinator, since passing through the monkey's digestive tract appears to aid the germination of certain seeds.