Рудольф Мате: Оператор және режиссер өмірі мен шығармашылығы

Polish Hungarian cinematographer and director (1898–1964)

Rudolph Maté (born Rudolf Mayer; 21 January 1898 – 27 October 1964) was a Polish Hungarian cinematographer who worked in Hungary, Austria, Germany, and France. He collaborated with notable directors including Fritz Lang, René Clair, and Carl Theodor Dreyer, attracting notable recognition for The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) and Vampyr (1932). In 1935, he relocated to the United States serving as a cinematographer on notable Hollywood films, including Dodsworth (1936), Foreign Correspondent (1940), and Gilda (1946). By 1947, Maté became a film director, with notable titles such as D. O. A. (1950), When Worlds Collide (1951), and The 300 Spartans (1962).

Rudolph Maté was born on 21 January 1898 in Kraków (then in the Grand Duchy of Kraków, Austro Hungarian Empire, currently in Poland) into an upper class Jewish family. In 1919, he graduated at the University of Budapest having studied art. He began working in the film industry as a laboratory assistant and an assistant cameraman for Alexander Korda at the Corvin Film Studio. The same year, Maté was appointed to the Communist Directory of the Arts, responsible for nationalizing the film industry. However, in 1920, these plans were abandoned after Miklós Horthy came to power and banned the Hungarian Communist Party. Korda, along with Maté, subsequently relocated to Vienna to work for Sascha Film. In 1924, Maté went to Berlin to work as a second unit camera operator for Erich Pommer. He later hired Maté as an assistant cinematographer to Karl Freund on Mikaël (1924). His influence on the film inspired Carl Theodor Dreyer to hire him as cinematographer on The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928). Maté's work has been praised as among the best of the silent film era, with film historian John Wakeman noting his high contrast lighting brought out facial features on the actors with stark clarity. Wheeler Winston Dixon also noted Maté photographed "each shot with a radiant clarity, often using a halo 'iris' effect during Joan's close ups, to accentuate her isolation and persecution during the trial. Often, Maté frames Joan slightly from above, looking down at her with a mixture of reverence and sadness, which also serves to suggest her powerlessness during her interrogation by the judges". His next collaboration with Dreyer was Vampyr (1932). The entire film was shot on location with numerous scenes shot in Courtempierre, France. During filming, Maté had shot some scenes that appeared blurry and fuzzy, after natural light had accidentally shone into the camera lens. Dreyer accepted the results, and had a gauze placed in front of the camera to recreate the effect. In addition, Maté collaborated with Fritz Lang and René Clair while in France. His reputation in Europe made him one of the most requested cinematographers that he accepted a contract with Fox Film Corporation. In 1935, Maté moved to Hollywood, working on his first American film titled Dante's Inferno (1935). A year later, Maté left Fox Film to work on Dodsworth (1936) for Samuel Goldwyn. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography in five consecutive years, for Alfred Hitchcock's Foreign Correspondent (1940), Alexander Korda's That Hamilton Woman (1941), Sam Wood's The Pride of the Yankees (1942), Zoltan Korda's Sahara (1943), and Charles Vidor's Cover Girl (1944). While working for Columbia Pictures, Maté initially signed on as cinematographer on It Had to Be You (1947). However, during production, he began to assume more directorial responsibilities from Don Hartman. Vincent Farrar was brought in as a second cinematographer to take over from Maté, who was later credited as both co director and co cinematographer on the film. Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn had taken notice and hired Maté as a director. His first solo directorial debut was the 1948 film noir thriller The Dark Past, a remake of Blind Alley (1939). Maté's relationship with Harry Cohn proved contentious at times, with Cohn berating him on one occasion that Maté could barely stammer out his responses. His most notable film was D. O. A. (1950), a film noir in which Frank Bigelow (portrayed by Edmond O'Brien) is slowly dying of poison and races against the clock to find out the real culprits. A review in The New York Times deemed the film "a fairly obvious and plodding recital, involving crime, passion, stolen iridium, gangland beatings and one man's innocent bewilderment upon being caught up in a web of circumstance that marks him for death". William Brogdon of Variety felt Maté's direction "lingers too long over [the first portion of the story], spreading expectancy very thin, but when he does launch his suspense building it comes over with a solid wallop." Maté later directed the suspense film Union Station (1950), which starred William Holden and Barry Fitzgerald, and Branded (1950) which starred Alan Ladd. Maté next directed The Prince Who Was a Thief (1951), starring Tony Curtis and Piper Laurie. His most successful film was the science fiction disaster When Worlds Collide (1951). The film earned an Honorary Academy Award for Best Special Effects.

In 1929, Maté married Paula Sophie Hartkop in Paris. The couple arrived in the United States in 1935; in August 1937, Paula Sophie died from complications of pneumonia. On July 6, 1941, he married Regina Opoczynski in Las Vegas. They had one son named Christopher. The couple divorced in 1958 after Maté had left his wife stranded in France for four weeks. On 27 October 1964, Maté died from a heart attack at his home in Beverly Hills, aged 66.