Джон Камел Хинан: Америкалық жұдырықша соққышының өмірі мен мансабы

American boxer (1834–1873)
the English Roman Catholic cardinal

John Camel Heenan (May 2, 1834 – October 28, 1873), also known as the Benicia Boy, was an American bare knuckle prize fighter. Though highly regarded, he had only three formal fights in his career, losing two and drawing one. Heenan is best remembered for his second contest, when he traveled to England to fight British champion Tom Sayers. The bout ended in chaos when spectators broke into the ring and the police intervened. The referee finally called a draw. The Benicia Boy came home to a hero's welcome, but later returned to England, where he had just one more fight, losing controversially to new British champion Tom King. Heenan died at Green River Station, Wyoming Territory in October 1873, and is buried at St Agnes Cemetery, Albany, New York.

John Camel Heenan was born on May 2, 1834 in West Troy (now Watervliet) on the Hudson River. The family had emigrated from Templemore, County Tipperary, Ireland shortly before, and after receiving an elementary education, the boy began work at Watervliet Arsenal, where his father, Timothy Heenan was also employed. At the age of seventeen, Heenan crossed the continent to California, which had become a lawless and chaotic place following the 1849 gold rush. There is no detailed record of what he did there, but the New York Clipper reports he was a local celebrity as a powerful boxer, and had proved uniformly successful in fights in private bar rooms. During his time in California he was also known to have spent some time in the workshop of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company He made a living as a "shoulder hitter" – a strong arm man who might be hired for enforcement or protection in the seamy and often violent worlds of New York business and politics. His efforts earned him a sinecure in the New York Customs House.

Jim Cusick, determined that his easy going protégé should not rest on his laurels, pushed him to challenge for the national title. The American champion at this time was the Irish born John Morrissey Morrissey had been raised in Troy, near to where Heenan had grown up and had also been out to California during the gold rush. The location of the fight, chosen by the Morrissey camp, was Long Point Island, about 80 miles from Buffalo. Stakes were set at $2500 a side. Heenan, whose training had been disrupted by injury, and who was not fully fit, was an unlucky loser. According to Alan Wright's account in The Great Prize Fight, Heenan damaged his right hand on a ring post early on in the bout, making him fight one handed. Even so, he was getting the better of Morrissey which incurred the wrath of Morrissey's supporters who had bet heavily on their man. They were well known for employing violent and unpleasant methods to help their man and some accounts say they stepped on Heenan's damaged hand every time he went down. One journalist reported that they would punch Heenan in the kidneys when he leaned against the ropes. The fight ended in the 11th round when Morrissey knocked out Heenan. Morrissey, refusing a return bout, effectively retired from the ring. This was seen by many as indicating that Morrissey knew he could not get the better of Heenan in a fair fight. Heenan became champion by default, but had difficulty finding other opponents in America. Jim Cusick accordingly decided that his next fight should be against British champion Tom Sayers, to whom Heenan issued a challenge in 1859. Heenan crossed the Atlantic on the ship "Asia", landing in Liverpool on January 16, 1860.

The prize ring was also illegal in England, and by 1859 it was followed only by a small number of enthusiasts. But the Heenan–Sayers contest caught the public imagination in both countries. As Harper's Weekly put it, "the bulk of the people in England and America are heart and soul engrossed in a fight compared to which a Spanish bull bait is but a mild and diverting pastime." On the other side of the Atlantic, The Manchester Guardian observed that "no pugilistic contest ever decided has excited so great an interest, both in this and other countries, as the forthcoming conflict between Sayers and Heenan." Heenan's training (unlike that of Sayers) was frequently disrupted by the interventions of police and magistrates, but by the day of battle he was in prime condition, and confident of victory over an opponent eight years older, forty pounds lighter and five inches shorter. The fight came off at Farnborough, Hampshire on April 17, 1860. In Heenan's corner were seconds, Jack MacDonald and James Cusick. In a fierce and protracted battle, both men were handicapped from an early stage – Sayers by an injury to his right arm after it was hit with a heavy blow in the 6th round, A large crowd of "sporting men" thronged the London station from which Heenan departed on his way to Southampton to catch the steamer to America. When Sayers arrived with his little boy and Owen Swift to bid farewell to the Benicia Boy, there "commenced such cheering as had never been heard before between the walls of that station". On his return, Heenan was given a hero's welcome and a gift of $10,000 raised by public subscription.

Heenan did not remain long in the U. S. Just a year after the battle at Farnborough, the country was torn apart by civil war, and the Benicia Boy returned to England in March 1862. There the following year, by which time the surge in public interest in the prize ring had subsided, he fought once more for the championship on December 10, 1863 in Wadhurst. His opponent was reigning champion Tom King, whom he was widely expected to beat. Articles for the fight with each side staking £1000 were signed on March 17, 1863. After a strong start with several successful throws, Heenan faded, and King, landing a series of blows to Heenan's face, knocked him out in the 24th round. The result was controversial: many American observers later agreed that King had been given longer than the rules allowed to recover from a knock down in the eighteenth round, and Heenan claimed some time after the fight that his subsequent collapse occurred because he had been drugged. Heenan had been trained for the fight by his countryman, John MacDonald. John Heenan's brother James had also helped to look after the fighter. On the morning of the fight, MacDonald was surprised to find out that Sayers would be his assistant in the corner, having been told that James Heenan would be fulfilling that role. The proceedings concluded in April with the chief participants having to lodge £100 surety with the court in case of further court action. Heenan was in England at the time of Tom Sayers' funeral, but did not attend.