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Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup
the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. However, Karafet et al. (2014) proposed that "rapid diversification of K M526", also known as K2, likely occurred in Southeast Asia (near Indonesia) and later expanded to mainland Asia, although they could not rule out that it might have arisen in Eurasia and later went extinct there, and that either of these scenarios are "equally parsimonious". According to Bergstorm et al, haplogroup K2b1 (Y haplogroup S/M) found in Indigenous Australians and ancestors of haplogroup R and Q (Y haplogroup K2b2/root P) split in Southeast Asia near Sahul.

Geneticist Spencer Wells suggests that haplogroup K likely originated in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan. Haplogroup P1 may have emerged in Southeast Asia, however according to Karafet, et al. this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia.]] Only one confirmed example of basal R* has been found, in 24,000 year old remains, known as MA1, found at Mal'ta–Buret' culture near Lake Baikal in Siberia.]] While some indigenous peoples of The Americas and Australasia also feature high levels of R M207, it is unclear whether these are deep rooted, or an effect of European colonisation during the early modern era.

Haplogroup R* Y DNA (xR1,R2) was found in 24,000 year old remains from Mal'ta in Siberia near Lake Baikal. In 2013, R M207 was found in one out of 132 males from the Kyrgyz people of East Kyrgyzstan.

There are many downstream mutations of haplogroup R.( and ). Initially, there was debate about the origin of haplogroup R1b in Native Americans. Two early studies suggested that this haplogroup could have been one of the founding Siberian lineages of Native Americans, however this is now considered unlikely, because the R1b lineages commonly found in Native Americans are in most cases identical to those in western Europeans, and its highest concentration is found among a variety of culturally unaffiliated tribes, in eastern North America. Thus, according to several authors, R1b was most likely introduced through admixture during the post 1492 European settlement of North America.

Haplogroup R M479 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. The paragroup for the R M479 lineage is found predominantly in South Asia, although deep rooted examples have also been found among Portuguese, Spanish, Tatar (Bashkortostan, Russia), and Ossetian (Caucasus) populations
One rare subclade may occur only among Ashkenazi Jews, possibly as a result of a founder effect.