Кіріспе
Неміс етістіктерін тіс дыбыстық өзгерісімен (денталды қосымша) жұмыс істейтін әлсіз немесе дауыстылар алмасуымен (аблаут) жұмыс істейтін күшті деп жіктеуге болады. Екеуі де реттелген жүйелер. Екі типтің де көпшілігі реттелген, бірақ әртүрлі топшалар мен ерекшеліктер кездеседі; алайда, оқушыларға арналған оқулықтарда күшті етістіктердің барлығы ретсіз деп қарастырылады. Тілдегі жалғыз толыққанды ретсіз етістік – sein (болу). 200-ден астам күшті және ретсіз етістіктер бар, бірақ ағылшын тіліндегідей, күшті етістіктер біртіндеп әлсіздене түседі. Неміс тілі герман тіліне жататындықтан, неміс етістігін герман тіліндегі етістіктің дамуы ретінде қарастыруға болады.
German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a dental consonant inflection, or strong, showing a vowel gradation (ablaut). Both of these are regular systems. Most verbs of both types are regular, though various subgroups and anomalies do arise; however, textbooks for learners often class all strong verbs as irregular. The only completely irregular verb in the language is sein (to be). There are more than 200 strong and irregular verbs, but just as in English, there is a gradual tendency for strong verbs to become weak. As German is a Germanic language, the German verb can be understood historically as a development of the Germanic verb.
Неміс префикстері
Бұл неміс тіліндегі ең маңызды префикстердің жалпы көрінісі. Мысал ретінде "legen" (тосу, жату) келтіріледі.
This is a general view of the most important German prefixes. The example is "legen" (to lay)
Префикс | Сөз | Мағынасы | Аудармасы
------- | -------- | -------- | --------
ab | legen | төсеу, қою | тастау, қалдыру
an | legen | үстіне қою | бекіту, қосып тоқтату, инвестициялау
auf | legen | жоғары қою | қолдану
aus | legen | жаю, тарату | бір нәрсені жаю, көрсету
bei | legen | қасынан қою | қосу
dar | legen | сонда қою | көрсету, назар аудару
ein | legen | ішке қою | кірістіру, қадау
ent | legen | алысқа қою | алыс, шеткі. Ескерту: entlegen – сын есім, етістік емес.
er | legen | толық тосу | өлтіру/сәтті аяқтау
ge | legt | тосылған | өткен шақ
ge | legen | тосылу | отыру, орналасу, ыңғайлы жағдай
hin | legen | осы жерге қою | ұйықтату, қысқа уақытқа ұйықтау
her | legen | мұнда қою | орналастыру, жасау, жинау
nach | legen | кейін қою | қосымша қою
nieder | legen | төмен қою | затты төмен қою / лауазымнан түсу / жату, ұйықтау
über | legen | үстіне қою | ойлану
um | legen | айналып қою | бөлу, тарату, сондай-ақ: өлтіру
unter | legen | астына қою | астына салу
ver | legen | жасыру | ұялшақ [сын есім] / жоғалту [етістік], түзету (кітаптар, газет)
vor | legen | бұрын қою | әкелу, ұсыну
weg | legen | алысқа қою | жинап қою, сақтау
wider | legen | қарсы қою | жоққа шығару
zer | legen | бөлшектеу | бөлшектеу, құрастырудан шығару
zu | legen | қосу | жаңа зат сатып алу/кию
zusammen | legen | бірге қою | біріктіру, жинау
PrefixVerbLiterallyTranslation ab legen to lay down to lay down to abandon something. an legen to lay on to attach something. to dock to invest auf legen to lay up to apply aus legen to lay out to lay something out bei legen to lay at/by to add dar legen to lay there to point something out ein legen to lay in to inlay ent legen dis lay faraway, outlying Note: entlegen is an adjective and not a verb. er legen to achieve lay to kill/ to conclude successfully ge legt laid participle perfect ge legen to be laid seated, situated, opportune Note: gelegen is an adjective and not a verb. hin legen to lay hence to put down to sleep to take a nap her legen to lay here to dispose to concoct to arrange nach legen to lay after to put some more of something on nieder legen to lay down to put down an object / to lay down an office / to lie down also: to go to sleep über legen to lay over to think about something. um legen to lay around/over again to allocate, also: to kill unter legen to lay under to put under ver legen to lay aside to be shy [adjective] / to lose [verb] to edit (books, newspaper) vor legen to lay previous to something. to bring something. before so. weg legen to lay away to put away wider legen to lay against to disprove zer legen to lay something. in pieces to dismantle zu legen to lay to something to put on / to buy something new zusammen legen to lay together to pool something
Алюминийлер
Жоғарыда аталған кез келген түрдегі шырай сөздер немесе шырай сөздерін қолдануға болады. Бірақ модальді етістіктерге назар салыңыз, олар сөйлемнің мағынасын және құрылымын өзгертеді.
One can use any kind of adverbial phrase or native adverb mentioned above. But beware of modal verbs, they change the meaning and phrase of the sentence.
Құрама шексіз сөздер
Құрама инфинитивтер модальді немесе көмекші етістіктерді қолдану арқылы жасалуы мүмкін. Жаңа инфинитивті негізгі инфинитивтің соңына қояды. Содан кейін, сыртқы инфинитив ескі, ішкі инфинитивтің орнына жіктеледі. Кейде ескі инфинитивті пассивті етістік түріне өзгерту қажет болады.
Compound infinitives can be constructed by the usage of modal verbs or auxiliary verbs. One places a new infinitive behind the main infinitive. Then this outer infinitive will be conjugated instead of the old inner infinitive. Sometimes one must turn the old infinitive into a passive participle.
Рефлексивті етістіктер
Кейбір етістіктер рефлексивті есімдік қолдануды қажет етеді. Мұндай етістіктер рефлексивті етістіктер деп аталады. Ағылшын тілінде бұл көбінесе қарапайым етістіктердің сәл өзгертілген түрі болады, мысалы, "отыру" етістігі "өзін отырғызу" ретінде айтылуы мүмкін.
Some verbs require the use of a reflexive pronoun. These verbs are known as reflexive verbs. In English, these are often slightly modified versions of ordinary verbs, such as "to sit down" spoken as "to sit oneself down".
Қатысушы және етістік есімдер
Бұл бөлім негізгі инфинитивтен етістік есімдер мен етістік сын есімдерін жасау ережелерін толық сипаттайды. Бұл процесс қарапайым да, күрделі инфинитивтер үшін де ортақ. Күрделі инфинитивтерде шырайластырушы және толықтаушы сөз тіркестері назарға алынбайды, олар осы процеске ықпал етпейді; егер басқаша көрсетілмесе.
This section details the construction of verbal nouns and verbal adjectives from the main infinitive. The processes are the same both for simple and complex infinitives. For complex infinitives, adverbial phrases and object phrases are ignored, they do not affect this process; except something else is mentioned.
Тензиттер
Неміс тілінде алты уақыт болғанымен, олардың екеуі ғана қарапайым, ал қалғандары күрделі және қарапайым конструкцияларға негізделген. Уақыттар ағылшын тіліндегі конструкцияларға өте ұқсас. Сөздерді өзгерту үш жаққа, екі санға (жекеше және көпше), үш тәсілге (хабарлама, бұйрық және шартты) және екі қарапайым уақытқа (қазіргі және өткен) сүйенеді. Қазіргі шақтағы шартты сөз тіркесінде сирек қолданылады (жазбаша неміс тілінде де жиі кездеспейді), ал өткен шақтағы шартты жиірек қолданылады, әсіресе, жиі қолданылатын етістіктерде (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme т.б.). Соңғысы неміс тілінде шартты тәсіл ретінде қолданылады (ағылшынша: I would). Ағылшын тілінде сөйлейтіндер неміс тіліндегі уақыттар аспектілік ақпаратты қамтымайтынын ескеруі керек. Стандартты неміс тілінде прогрессивті уақыт жоқ. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule фразасы «Қыз мектепке барады» немесе «Қыз мектепке бара жатыр» деген мағынаны білдіре береді. Контекстен басқа көзге көрінетін айырмашылықты көрсету үшін, қосымша сөз қолдану керек. Алайда, Рейнланд және Рураймақтарындағы тілде қазіргі прогрессивті уақыт бар, ол rheinische Verlaufsform деп аталады. Ол sein («болу») + am («те») + етістік атауы арқылы жасалады. Мысалы: Ich bin am Essen. – Мен тамақтанып жатырмын; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – Мен машинаны жөндеп жатырмын. Бұл форма жазуда сирек қолданылады және ресми тілде қолданылмайды. Прогрессивті уақыттың тағы бір түрі sein («болу») + қазіргі уақыт арқылы жасалады және ағылшын тіліндегі прогрессивті уақыттың (қазіргі және өткен) сөзбе-сөз аудармасы болып табылады. Мысалы: Ich bin/war essend. – Мен тамақтанып жатырмын/жаттым; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – Мен машинаны жөндеп жатырмын/жаттым. Rheinische Verlaufsform-нен айырмашылығы, бұл прогрессивті уақыт стандартты неміс тілінде формальды түрде дұрыс, бірақ күнделікті және ресми тілде сирек кездеседі. Қолданылған жағдайда, ол жиі ауыр немесе табиғи емес болып көрінуі мүмкін, ерекше жағдайларды қоспағанда. Бұл форма басқа неміс уақыттарынан прогрессивті аспектісінің айқындығымен ерекшеленеді. Төменде көрсетілгендей, неміс тілінде уақыттарды қолдануда қатаңдық жоқ. Нақты уақыт түрлері белгілі бір уақыттық нюанстарды білдіру үшін қолданылады, бірақ егер контекст түсінікті болса, ең көп қолданылатын екі уақыт (қазіргі және толыққанды уақыт) жиі қолданылуы мүмкін.
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Қазіргі (Präsens) – Бұл инфинитивтің қазіргі сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Неміс тіліндегі ең маңызды уақыт. Қазіргі уақыт негізінен қарапайым қазіргі, қазіргі прогрессивті және болашақ үшін қолданылады. Сондай-ақ, тарихи өткенді білдіру үшін де қолданылады. Мысалы: Ich kaufe das Auto. («Мен машинаны сатып алам»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Өткен (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – Бұл инфинитивтің өткен сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Бұл өткен уақыт негізінен жазбаша неміс тілінде және ресми сөйлеуде қолданылады, бірақ жиі қолданылатын кейбір етістіктердің өткен шақтағы түрлері күнделікті тілде де жиі кездеседі (мысалы, ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). Ол сондай-ақ өткен прогрессивті үшін де қолданылады. Басқа жағдайларда толыққанды уақыт көбірек таралған, бірақ Германияның солтүстік аймақтарында жиірек қолданылады. Мысалы: Ich kaufte das Auto. («Мен машинаны сатып алдым»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Толыққанды (Perfekt) – Бұл толыққанды инфинитивтің қазіргі сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Бұл уақыт өткен уақытпен бірдей мағынаны білдіреді және күнделікті неміс тілінде оны жиі алмастырады. Ағылшын тіліндегі толыққанды уақыт неміс тіліндегі қазіргі уақыт арқылы беріледі. Мысалы: «Мен Германияда үш жылдан бері тұрып келемін». → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. («Мен қазір Германияда үш жылдан бері өмір сүріп келемін»). Мысалы: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. («Мен машинаны сатып алдым»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Плюперфект / өткен толыққанды (Plusquamperfekt) – Бұл толыққанды инфинитивтің өткен сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Бұл өткендегі белгілі бір уақытта болған оқиғаны сипаттау үшін қолданылатын өткен уақыттың толыққанды түрі болып саналады. Егер контекст түсінікті болса, толыққанды немесе өткен уақытты қолдануға болады (ағылшын тіліндегідей). Мысалы: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. («Мен машинаны сатып алған едім»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Болашақ (Futur I) – Бұл болашақ инфинитивтің қазіргі сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Ол әдетте болашақты сипаттайды, бірақ қазіргі уақыттағы болжамдарды да білдіре алады. Ағылшын тілінен айырмашылығы, егер болашақ мағынасы контексттен көрініп тұрса, болашақ уақыт әдетте қазіргі уақытпен ауыстырылады. Мысалы: «Мен он жылдан кейін қартайым» → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. («Мен он жылдан кейін қартаймын»). Бұл күнделікті неміс тілінде жиі кездеседі, сондай-ақ жазбаша түрде де дұрыс. Мысалы: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. («Мен машинаны сатып алам»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Болашақ толыққанды (Futur II) – Бұл толыққанды инфинитивтің болашақ сөздерді өзгерту арқылы жасалған түрі. Бұл болашақтағы белгілі бір уақытта аяқталатын оқиғаны сипаттайды (болашақтың өткен шағы), бірақ егер болашақ мағынасы контексттен көрініп тұрса, толыққанды уақыт немесе тіпті қазіргі уақыт қолданылады (студенттердің қатесінен басқа, Futur I, бірақ бұл жалпыға бірдей дұрыс емес деп есептеледі). Көбінесе болашақ толыққанды өткенге қатысты болжамды білдіреді: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. («Ол апатқа ұшыраған болуы мүмкін»). Мысалы: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. («Мен машинаны сатып алған болармын»).
Although there are six tenses in German, only two are simple; the others are compound and therefore build on the simple constructions. The tenses are quite similar to English constructions. Conjugation includes three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), three moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), and two simple tenses (present and preterite). The subjunctive of the present is almost never used in colloquial German (and relatively infrequent in written German as well); the subjunctive of the past is more common, at least for some frequent verbs (ich wäre, ich hätte, ich käme etc.). The latter is used like a conditional mood in German (English: I would). English native speakers should note that German tenses do not carry aspect information. There are no progressive tenses in standard German. Das Mädchen geht zur Schule may mean "The girl goes to school" as well as "The girl is going to school". One must use an adverb to make a visible difference aside from the context. In colloquial spoken German, in particular in the Rhineland and Ruhr areas, a present progressive tense does exist and is known as the rheinische Verlaufsform. It is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + am ("at the") + verbal noun. For example: Ich bin am Essen. – I am eating; Ich bin das Auto am Reparieren. – I'm fixing the car. However, this form is rarely used in writing and is not used in formal spoken German. A second kind of progressive tense is formed with the verb sein ("to be") + present participle, and is the literal translation of the English progressive tense (for present and past). For example: Ich bin/war essend. – I am/was eating; Ich bin/war das Auto reparierend. – I am/was fixing the car. In contrast to the rheinische Verlaufsform, this progressive tense is a formally correct feature of standard German; however, it is very uncommon in both colloquial German and formal German. If it is used, it often may appear unwieldy or unnatural, except for specific usual cases. This form also differs from the other German tenses in that it has a very unambiguous progressive aspect. As is shown in the following, German is not very rigid in its usage of tenses. More precise tenses are available to express certain temporal nuances, but both of the most common tenses (present tense and perfect tense) can often be used instead if the context is unambiguous. Present (Präsens) – It is the present conjugated form of the infinitive. It is the most important tense in German. The Present tense is mainly used for simple present, present progressive, as well as for future. It is also used for historical past. Example: Ich kaufe das Auto. ("I buy the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")
Preterite (Imperfekt, Präteritum) – It is the past conjugated form of the infinitive. This past tense is mainly used in written German and formal speech, except for some frequent verbs whose preterite forms are common colloquially (such as ich war, ich hatte, ich kam). It is also used for past progressive. Otherwise, the perfect is much preferred in colloquial language, but in northern regions of Germany it is more frequently used. Example: Ich kaufte das Auto. ("I bought the car")
Perfect (Perfekt) – It is the present conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. This tense has (widely) the same meaning as the preterite and very often replaces the latter in colloquial German. An English perfect tense is often expressed by the present in German. For example, "I have lived in Germany for three years now." → Ich lebe jetzt seit drei Jahren in Deutschland. (Literally "I live now for three years in Germany.") Example: Ich habe das Auto gekauft. ("I (have) bought the car")
Pluperfect / past perfect (Plusquamperfekt) – It is the past conjugated form of the perfect infinitive. It can be thought of as the perfect form of the preterite, used to describe what already had happened at a certain point in the past. If the context is unambiguous, the perfect or preterite may be used instead (as in English). Example: Ich hatte das Auto gekauft. ("I had bought the car")
Future (Futur I) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive. It generally describes the future but may also express an assumption for the present. In contrast to English, the future tense is usually replaced by the present tense if the future meaning is already evident from the context. For example, "In ten years I'll be old" → In zehn Jahren bin ich alt. (Literally: "In ten years am I old.") This is particularly common in colloquial German but is also correct in writing. Example: Ich werde das Auto kaufen. ("I will buy the car")
Future perfect (Futur II) – It is the present conjugated form of the future infinitive of the perfect infinitive. It describes what will have happened at a certain point in the future (past of the future), but the simple perfect, or even present (and by a common pupils' mistake, Futur I, but that is universally judged to be incorrect), is preferred instead if the future meaning is evident from the context. More commonly, the future perfect expresses an assumption for the past: Er wird einen Unfall gehabt haben. ("He will [probably] have had an accident.") Example: Ich werde das Auto gekauft haben. ("I'll have bought the car")