1930-40 жылдарғы қуыршақтан жасалған анимациялық фильмдер сериясы

Series of Animated puppet films from the 1930's
Puppetoons is a series of animated puppet films made in Europe (1930s) and in the United States (1940s) by George Pal. They were made using replacement animation: using a series of different hand carved wooden puppets (or puppet heads or limbs) for each frame in which the puppet moves or changes expression, rather than moving a single puppet, as is the case with most stop motion puppet animation. They were particuarly made from 1932 1948, in both Europe and the US.

The Puppetoons series of animated puppet films were made in Europe in the 1930s and in the United States in the 1940s. The series began when George Pal made an advertising film using "dancing" cigarettes in 1932, which led to a series of theatrical advertising shorts for Philips Radio in the Netherlands. This was followed by a series for Horlicks Malted Milk in England. These shorts have an art deco design, often reducing characters to simple geometric shapes. Pal arrived in the U. S. in 1940, and produced more than 40 Puppetoons for Paramount Pictures between 1941 and 1947. Seven Puppetoons received Academy Award nominations, including Rhythm in the Ranks (for the year 1941), Tulips Shall Grow (1942), The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins (1943), And To Think I Saw it On Mulberry Street (1944), Jasper and the Beanstalk (1945), John Henry and the Inky Poo (1946) and Tubby the Tuba (1947). The series ended due to rising production costs which had increased from US$18,000 per short in 1939 (18000.0 in 1939 is equivalent to about <calculated amount> in recent years) to almost US$50,000 following World War II (50000.0 in 1946 is equivalent to about <calculated amount> in recent years). Paramount Pictures—Pal's distributor—objected to the cost. Per their suggestion, Pal went to produce sequences for feature films. In 1956, the Puppetoons as well as most of Paramount's shorts, were sold to television distributor U. M. & M. TV Corporation. National Telefilm Associates bought out U. M. & M. and continued to syndicate them in the 1950s and 1960s as "Madcap Models". Pal also used the Puppetoon name and the general Puppetoon technique for miniature puppet characters in some of his live action feature films, including The Great Rupert (1949), Tom Thumb (1958), and The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm (1963). In these films, the individual wooden figures were billed as The Puppetoons.

Puppetoon films used replacement animation with puppets. Using a series of different hand carved wooden puppets (or puppet heads or limbs) for each frame in which the puppet moves or changes expression, rather than moving a single puppet. A typical Puppetoon required 9,000 individually carved and machined wooden figures or parts. Puppetoon animation is a type of replacement animation, which is itself a type of stop motion animation. The puppets are rigid and static pieces; each is typically used in a single frame and then switched with a separate, near duplicate puppet for the next frame. Thus puppetoon animation requires many separate figures. It is thus more analogous in a certain sense to cel animation than is traditional stop motion: the characters are created from scratch for each frame (though in cel animation the creation process is simpler since the characters are drawn and painted, not sculpted).

Some controversy exists in modern times, as the black character, Jasper, star of several Puppetoons in the 1940s is considered a stereotype today. The Jasper series of shorts relied on a small, consistent cast. The titular character was a playful pickaninny, his mother a protective mammy, Professor Scarecrow being a black scam artist, and the Blackbird serving as his fast talking partner in crime. Pal described Jasper as the Huckleberry Finn of American folklore. At one point, Jasper's popularity was on par with Mickey Mouse's and Donald Duck's.

In 1987, film producer director archivist Arnold Leibovit, a friend of George Pal, collected several Puppetoons and released them theatrically and to video as The Puppetoon Movie reintroducing them to contemporary audiences. A feature length documentary on the life and films of George Pal followed. In 2020, The Puppetoon Movie Volume 2 was released on Blu ray and DVD, featuring 17 shorts not included on any of the Puppetoon Movie releases and The Ship of the Ether. The Academy Film Archive preserved several of the Puppetoons in 2009, including Jasper and the Beanstalk, John Henry and the Inky Poo, and Rhythm In the Ranks.