Үндістандағы Калькутта порты

Port in India

Port of Kolkata or Kolkata Port, officially known as Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (formerly Kolkata Port Trust or Port of Calcutta), is the only riverine major port in India, in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal, around 126 mile (203 km) from the sea. It is the oldest operating port in India and was constructed by the British East India Company. Kolkata is a freshwater port with no variation in salinity. The port has two distinct dock systems – Kolkata Dock at Kolkata and a deep water dock at Haldia Dock Complex, Haldia. In the 19th century, the Kolkata Port was the premier port in British India. From 1838 to 1917, the British used this port to ship off over half a million Indians from all over India – mostly from the Bhojpur and Awadh — and take them to places across the world, such as Latin America and Africa as indentured labourers. After independence, the port's importance decreased because of factors including the Partition of Bengal (1947), reduction in the size of the port hinterland, and economic stagnation in eastern India. It has a vast hinterland comprising the entire North East of India including West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, North East Hill States and two landlocked neighbouring countries namely, Nepal and Bhutan and also the Autonomous Region of Tibet (China). With the turn of the 21st century, the volume of throughput has again started increasing steadily. As of March 2018, the port is capable of processing annually 650,000 containers, mostly from Nepal, Bhutan, and India's northeastern states. Kolkata was a small river port inhabited by weavers and artisans before it was developed as a center for maritime trade by the British East India Company. The port on the Hooghly shore acted as a catalyst in the transformation of the city of Kolkata from a small weaving settlement to a major center of maritime trade in East India. Job Charnock, an employee and administrator of the British East India Company, is believed to have founded a trading post at the site in 1690. Even before settling in Kolkata, the British knew that among the navigable areas of the Hooghly River, the deepest water area is along the eastern bank from Gobindpur to Garden Reach and was easily navigable by large sea going vessels. Since the area was situated on the river with jungle on three sides, it was considered safe from enemy invasion. From the mid eighteenth century the growth of Kolkata's port was accelerated by the decline of the Mughal era major ports of Hooghly on Hooghly River and Surat on the western coast.

In the early colonial period, the main purpose of the port administration under the company's naval office, headed by a master attendant, was to provide pilotage services to ocean going vessels. The Master Attendant also regularly conducted river surveys to report on the navigability of the river. The port's lack of docking facilities became a particular concern from the mid eighteenth century, as ships were taken to Bombay for repairs. In 1790, the first dock was built near Bankshall Ghat. Already in 1781, Colonel Watson was granted a site on the southern boundary of the harbor to build a floating dock. Watson set up a marine yard at Kiddirpor and also began construction of a floating dock in 1781, but was forced to abandon the project when legal disputes arose. Watson subsequently turned to shipyards and built a small number of ships before his retirement from the business. After Watson several steps were taken to establish shipbuilding factories in Kolkata, but none of them were comparable to the shipbuilding activities of Parsi Enterprises in Bombay. twice by the Japanese forces. On 12 January 2020, the port was renamed to Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the occasion of 150 years of operation of Kolkata Port at Netaji Indoor Stadium. The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.

The Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT) manages two separate dock agglomerations, the Kolkata Dock System (KDS) and the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC). These two dock systems are located on the banks of the Hooghly River, giving the port the distinction of being India's only riverine major port.

It is situated on the left bank of the Hooghly River at about upstream from the sea. The pilotage station is at Gasper/ Saugor roads, 145 Kilometres to the south of the KDS (around 58 km from the sea). The system consists of Khidirpur Dock (KPD), Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD), Budge Budge River Mooring (BB), Diamond Harbor Anchorage, Sagar Anchorage and Sandheads Anchorage. This dock system mainly serves container ships and barges. Among the docks and moorings in the Kolkata dock system, Khidirpur dock has the lowest water depth, while the Budge Budge river mooring has the highest water depth. Apart from this, there are around 80 major riverine jetties, and many minor jetties, and a large number of ship breaking berths. Vessels to enter Khidirpur Dock (KPD) and Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD) of the Kolkata Dock System first wait for tides at the anchorage at Nazirganj Flats, north of Garden Reach. 5 ships can be anchored together in this anchorage. When the water level of the river reaches the level of the Kolkata Dock System (KDS) water level due to tidal action, the ships waiting at the anchorage enter Khidirpur Dock (KPD) and Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD) through lock gates.

Kidderpore Dock has a total of 18 berths, including 17 multipurpose berths and 1 berth for passenger ships including cargo; 6 Buoys / Moorings and 3 Dry Docks. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 1 to 29. The berths have uneven water depth, with a minimum of 7.4 metres (24 ft) at berth No. 29 and a maximum of 9.2 metres (30 ft) at berth No. 8. Kidderpore Dock is divided into two parts, which are KDP 1 (West) and KDP 2 (East). Out of total 18 berths, KDP 1 consists of 10 berths and KDP 2 consists of 8 berths. These two parts – KDP 1 and KDP 2 – are separated by a bascule bridge. The dock's quays have a combined length of 2,956 meters (9,698 ft), of which KDP 1 (West) is 1,728 meters (5,669 ft) and KDP 2 (East) is 1,228 meters (4,029 feet). The dock is connected to the shipping channel – Hooghly River, through a lock gate. A section of the dock between the lock gate and KDP 1 is the "tidal basin"; dry docks are connected to this basin. Ships enter the dock through a lock gate. The lock barrel is 176.8 metres (580 ft) long and 24.4 m (80 ft) wide. The depth in front of the lock gate is about to Accordingly, vessels with a maximum length of 157 meters (515 feet) and a maximum width of 21.35 meters (70 feet) are able to enter the dock. Buoys/moorings installed within the docks provide support to the movement of ships. Kidderpore Dock has several bends, and no night navigation; as a result the ships operate only during the day. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 2 to 13. The berths (impounded dock) have uneven water depth, with a minimum of 10 meters (33 ft) in berths No. 2 and No. 10, and a maximum of 12.5 meters (41 ft) in berths other than No. 2 and No. 10. The dock is connected to the Hooghly River, the shipping channel, through a lock gate. The jetties on the Hooghly River mainly transport liquid products — crude oil, POL products, naphtha, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and edible oil. These jetties are known as Haldia Oil Jetty, and are identified by Roman numerals. The water depth is 10 m (33 ft) at the first (HOJ I) and second (HOJ II) oil jetties, and 12.5 m (41 ft) at the third (HOJ III) oil jetty. Recently, a fourth oil jetty, known as Outer Terminal 2, has been constructed between the Dock's Approach Jetty and the Second Oil Jetty (HOJ II); the water depth at the jetty is 9 m (30 ft). Outer Terminal 1 (OT 1) is located upstream of the third oil jetty (HOJ III) for the transportation of dry bulk cargo; the jetty has a water depth of 8.5 meters (28 ft) and is capable of anchoring vessels up to in draft. Haldia Anchorage is used for lash vessels.

Due to the constraints of the river (like silting, sandbars etc.) no seagoing vessel above 200 GT is allowed to navigate without a qualified pilot of the Kolkata Port Trust. The total pilotage distance to KDS is , comprising in river and in sea, and for HDC is , comprising in river and in sea. The tides in the river create obstacles to the movement of ships to the port. At spring tides, tidal waves create pressure with height that makes it difficult for a ship to stay or anchor in the river. The tidal rise in the river varies from to during spring tides. Ships are sheltered at the docks during high tides or spring tides. The Eastern Channel Light Vessel's position for navigation is 21°03'03.12" North Latitude and 88°11'30" East Longitude, and the Western Channel Light Vessel's position is 21°05'03.09" North Latitude and Longitude 87°50" '215.95" East Longitude.

All Automatic Tide Gauges in the channel are operated and maintained by the port. These tide gauges are located near Garden Reach and Diamond Harbor on the east bank of the channel and Haldia on the west bank. For the round the clock recording of tidal data, which is used for the prediction of tides and preparation of tide tables by Survey of India.

Sagar Lighthouse is situated at Middleton Point on the Sagar Island inshore. It is visible from a distance of in clear weather. It is connected with Eastern Railway through the Majerhat railway station. Indian Railways bring traffic for KDS through full fledged goods trains (rakes) in the East Dock Junction (EJC), by their locomotives. Thereafter KDS railway, after necessary documentation and certain mechanical work, place the trains in the respective handling points (inside docks or private sidings), in full or installments as per operational feasibility. After completion of loading/unloading operation at Sheds/Docks/sidings etc, the rakes are hauled out and outward  trains are formed at the marshalling yard (EJC). Again, after documentation, the outward rakes are dispatched by the locomotives provided by Eastern Railway.

The Kolkata dock system (KDS) is connected to roads under the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Major congestion and traffic jams are seen on the narrow roads for vehicular movement in and out of the KDS. KDP and NSD are located about 10 km from the junction of National Highway 16 and National Highway 19. The junction of National Highway 12 and Airport Road is about 25 km from the dock area. Diamond Harbor Road, Taratala Road and Garden Reach Road (Peripheral Road) are 4 lane, and have been strengthened and upgraded, but are often congested due to the simultaneous movement of local and cargo traffic.