Тур де Франс: Допинг тарихы және мәселелері

Use of illegal substances by cyclists in the Tour de France

There have been allegations of doping in the Tour de France since the race began in 1903. Early Tour riders consumed alcohol and used ether, among other substances, as a means of dulling the pain of competing in endurance cycling. Riders began using substances as a means of increasing performance rather than dulling the senses, and organizing bodies such as the Tour and the International Cycling Union (UCI), as well as government bodies, enacted policies to combat the practice. Use of performance enhancing drugs in cycling predates the Tour de France. Cycling, having been from the start a sport of extremes, whether of speed by being paced by tandems, motorcycles and even cars, or of distance, the suffering involved encouraged the means to alleviate it. Not until after World War II were sporting or even particularly health issues raised. Those came shortly before the death of Tom Simpson in the Tour de France of 1967. Max Novich referred to the Tour de France in a 1973 issue of New York State Journal of Medicine as "a cycling nightmare". Journalist Hans Halter wrote in 1998 that "For as long as the Tour has existed, since 1903, its participants have been doping themselves. For 60 years doping was allowed. For the past 30 years it has been officially prohibited. Yet the fact remains; great cyclists have been doping themselves, then and now."

Drug taking in cycling predates the Tour de France. "It existed, it has always existed", said the French reporter and author, Pierre Chany, who followed 49 Tours before his death in 1996. The exhaustion of six day races on the track was countered by the riders' soigneurs (the French word for "carer"), helpers akin to seconds in boxing. Among the treatments they supplied was nitroglycerine, a drug used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and which was credited with improving riders' breathing. Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue the New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand." Also used was strychnine, which in small doses tightened tired muscles. A track rider of the era said he had developed such a tolerance to the drug that he took doses large enough to kill smaller men. The use of strychnine, far from being banned, was thought necessary to survive demanding races, says the sports historian Alain Lunzenfichter. The American specialist in doping, Max M. Novich, wrote: "Trainers of the old school who supplied treatments which had cocaine as their base declared with assurance that a rider tired by a six day race would get his second breath after absorbing these mixtures." John Hoberman, a professor at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, said six day races were "de facto experiments investigating the physiology of stress as well as the substances that might alleviate exhaustion." The first backers of races on the road were newspapers. Although Le Vélocipède Illustré, which was behind the world's first long distance road race in November 1869, said its purpose was "to further the good cause of the bicycle" because "it must be determined that the bicycle can be raced over considerable distances with incomparably less fatigue than running", backing the race would also boost the newspaper's sales. In an era before radio and television, newspapers could build the drama of a race for weeks, rely on customers buying a further copy on the day to prepare for the riders to pass and then another next day to see what had become of them. Few people had travelled 130 km, at least not often, and the idea of doing it by bicycle and at as high a speed as possible when the roads were potholed and bicycles had wooden wheels and metal tyres was exciting. The result was that newspapers outdid each other in promotions. In 1891 came a race from Bordeaux to Paris. In the same year, Le Petit Journal went twice as far by running Paris–Brest–Paris over 1,200 km. During a meeting at L'Auto in Paris, journalist Géo Lefèvre suggested a race right round France, not just one day but six, "like the six day races on the track." The idea of bringing the excess of the indoors to the roads of the outdoors was born. And with it came the practices which had seen riders through their suffering.

The strongest drug in the early Tour de France was strychnine. Other than that, riders would take anything to survive the tedium, the pain and the exhaustion of stages that could last more than 300 km. That included alcohol, which was already strong in French culture and sometimes purer than water after World War I destroyed water pipes and polluted water tables, and ether. There are photographs of riders holding ether soaked handkerchiefs to their mouths, or leaving them knotted under the chin so the fumes would deaden the pain in their legs. The smell, enough to turn a man's stomach said Pierre Chany, discouraged some but also showed the extent of suffering by others. Roger Lapébie, winner of the Tour in 1937, said he smelled ether "in the bunch near the finish; it used to be taken in a little bottle called a topette." Its use lasted decades; riders were caught using it as late as 1963. The acceptance of drug taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930, when the race changed to national teams that were to be paid for by the organisers, that the rule book distributed to riders by the organiser, Henri Desgrange, reminded them that drugs were not among items with which they would be provided. In a 1949 interview with Fausto Coppi, the 1949 and 1952 Tour winner, he admitted to amphetamine use and said "those who claim [that cyclists do not take amphetamine], it's not worth talking to them about cycling".

Pierre Dumas was the first doctor to campaign for the testing and suppression of doping, both within cycling and then at international level at the Olympic Games. Dumas came to the Tour de France in 1952 when the original doctor pulled out. Dumas was a judoka rather than a cyclist and had none of the preconceptions established in cycling. He discovered a world in which "there were soigneurs, fakirs, who came from the six days. Their value was in the contents of their case. Riders took anything they were given, even bee stings and toad extract." He spoke of "medicine from the heart of Africa healers laying on hands or giving out irradiating balms, feet plunged into unbelievable mixtures which could lead to eczema, so called magnetised diets and everything else you could imagine. In 1953 and 1954 it was all magic, medicine and sorcery. After that, they started reading Vidal [the French medicine directory]." Such was the extent to which stronger drugs entered cycling that the French team manager, Marcel Bidot, was cited to an inquiry by the Council of Europe as saying: "Three quarters of riders were doped. I am well placed to know that since I visited their rooms each evening during the Tour. I always left frightened after these visits." an excuse which was reused in both 1962 and 1991. In 1960, Pierre Dumas walked into a hotel bedroom on his nightly tour of teams to find eventual winner Gastone Nencini prone on his bed with a plastic tube running from each arm to a bottle containing hormones. However, the hormone injection was not illegal at the time, and indeed only few were disqualified or sanctioned whenever they were found out to use doping. Malléjac insisted that he wanted to start legal proceedings, and Dumas said: "I'm prepared to call for a charge of attempted murder." The incident was never resolved, however, with Mallejac returning for subsequent Tours and denying any wrongdoing for the rest of his life.

In the 1960 Tour, Roger Rivière was second to the Italian Gastone Nencini, a rider he planned to beat by tagging along with him in the mountains and then speeding away on the flat. The problem was that Nencini was lighter and a better climber and that he was such a fast descender that, in the view of another French rider, Raphaël Géminiani, "the only reason to follow Nencini downhill is if you've got a death wish." Rivière was able to stay with Nencini on the climb to the Col de Perjuret, as the pair crossed the summit together. Then came a series of descending zigzags. Nencini took the perfect line and Rivière, trying to match him, overshot a bend, fell into a ravine, and broke his back. There he was found by his teammate, Louis Rostollan. Rivière quickly passed the blame for his fall and his broken back on the team mechanic, accusing him of leaving oil on the wheels and the brakes for not working. The mechanic was outraged, and the doctors soon found the real reason – that so much painkiller was in Rivière's blood that his hands were too slow to operate the brakes. He had taken a heavy dose of the opioid painkiller dextromoramide (Palfium), to help him stay with Nencini on Col de Perjuret. and admitted downing thousands of tablets a year.

The stage from Luchon to Carcassonne in 1962 set off 10 minutes later than scheduled because the German rider, Hans Junkermann, had been ill most of the night. At first he was not going to start. When he said that after all he felt well enough, the organisers gave him the extra time to get ready. Junkermann was leader of the Wiel's–Groene Leeuw team and was allowed his privilege because he was in eighth position. Junkermann soon dropped to the back of the field and after 50 km he lost contact. On the first hill he got off his bike and sat by the roadside. "I ate bad fish at the hotel last night", he told onlookers. The same complaint came all day. A total twenty riders fell ill, and eleven others abandoned the Tour that day, including the former leader, Willy Schroeders, the 1960 winner Gastone Nencini and a future leader, Karl Heinz Kunde. Jacques Goddet wrote that he suspected doping but nothing was proven – other than that none of the hotels the previous night had served fish, the hoteliers being anxious to clear their reputation. Pierre Dumas spoke of "certain preparations" and speculated the riders were given the same tainted drug by one of the soigneurs. Performance enhancing drugs were now illegal in France, and the first anti doping testing began at the 1966 Tour. That year, amphetamine use in France was running at almost a third of those tested.

Tom Simpson was the leader of the British team in the 1967 Tour de France. At the start of stage 13 on Thursday 13 July, he was still suffering the effects of a stomach bug he had endured earlier in the race. It was a blisteringly hot day, and he was seen to drink brandy during the early parts of the stage. In those years, the organisers limited each rider to four bottles of water, about two litres – the effects of dehydration being poorly understood. During races, riders often raided roadside bars and cafes for drinks, and filled their bottles from fountains. About two kilometres from the summit of the day's main climb, Mont Ventoux, Simpson began to zig zag across the road, eventually falling against an embankment. While his team car helpers wanted him to retire from the race, Simpson insisted on being put back on his cycle and he continued for another 500 m or so before again beginning to falter; he toppled unconscious into the arms of his helpers, still gripping his handlebars. A motorcycle policeman summoned Pierre Dumas, who took over team officials' first attempts at saving Simpson, including mouth to mouth resuscitation. Dumas massaged Simpson's heart and gave him oxygen. A race helicopter then took Simpson to hospital but Simpson was declared dead soon after his arrival. Drug usage was only hinted at in the news coverage, particularly by Jacques Goddet, who referred in L'Équipe to Simpson's "errors in the way he looked after himself." Then a British reporter, J. L. Manning, broke the news that two empty tubes and a third full of amphetamines were found in the pocket of his jersey. Manning was a serious and well respected journalist. His exposure, the first time a formal connection had been made between drugs and Simpson's death, set off a wave of similar reporting in Britain and elsewhere. The following month, Manning went further, in a piece headed "Evidence in the case of Simpson who crossed the frontier of endurance without being able to know he had 'had enough'":

The question of whether Tommy Simpson's death in the Tour de France might have been prevented has one clear answer. Yes, and it should have been. Three days after this year's race, the French authorities announced that next October and November a French and Italian rider would be prosecuted for alleged doping offences in last year's Tour. France had surrendered the need rigorously to prevent doping to the discreet requirement of not tackling it on a big tourist occasion until a year had safely passed. It takes two days at most to analyse samples: it took a year for France to authorise prosecutions. [ ] Is France trying to hush up the scandals of the Tour? I say yes. The first act of hushing up is not to attempt detection, let alone waiting a year before taking action. How much husher can you get?

On 8 July 1998, French Customs arrested Willy Voet, a soigneur for the Festina team, for the possession of illegal drugs, including narcotics, erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone, and amphetamines. Voet later described many common doping practices in his book, Massacre à la Chaîne. On 23 July 1998, French police raided several teams' hotels and found drugs in the possession of the TVM team. As news spread, riders staged a sit down strike during the 17th stage. After mediation by Jean Marie Leblanc, the director of the Tour, police agreed to limit the most heavy handed tactics and riders agreed to continue. Many riders and teams had already abandoned the race and only 111 riders completed the stage. In a 2000 trial, it became clear that the management and health officials of Festina had organized drug taking within the team. Richard Virenque, a top Festina rider, finally confessed after being ridiculed for maintaining that if he was doping he was somehow not consciously aware of it – as the satirical television programme, Les Guignols de l'Info, put it: "à l'insu de mon plein gré" ("of my own free will but without my knowing"). In the years following the 1998 Festina affair, anti doping measures were put into effect by race organizers and the UCI, including more frequent testing and new tests for blood doping transfusions and EPO use. The World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) was also created to help governments in anti doping. Evidence of drugs persisted and in 2004 came new allegations. In January, Philippe Gaumont, a rider with the Cofidis team, told investigators and the press that steroids, human growth hormone, EPO, and amphetamines were endemic to the team. In June, British cyclist David Millar, also of Cofidis, and time trial world champion, was detained by French police, his apartment searched and two used EPO syringes found. Jesús Manzano, a Spanish rider then recently dismissed by the Kelme team, told the Madrid sports newspaper AS he had been forced by his former team to take banned substances and that they had taught him to evade detection. The Kelme team itself was ultimately a casualty of the disclosures, which Manzano judged to be "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth."

Lance Armstrong has become a symbol for doping at the Tour de France. Suspicions arose initially over his association with Italian physician Michele Ferrari and his extraordinary achievements on the road. In 1999, Armstrong failed tests for a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Armstrong explained he had used an external cortisone ointment to treat a saddle sore and produced a prescription for it. The amount detected was below the threshold and said to be consistent with the amount used for a topical skin cream, but UCI rules required that prescriptions be shown to sports authorities in advance of use. Armstrong's former assistant, Mike Anderson, stated that Armstrong used a substance with a trade name similar to "androstenine". This resulted in a lawsuit against Anderson and a countersuit against Armstrong. In late August 2005, one month after Lance Armstrong's seventh consecutive Tour victory, the French sports newspaper L'Équipe claimed evidence that Armstrong had used EPO in the 1999 Tour de France. The claim was based on urine samples archived by the French National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD) for research. Armstrong denied using EPO and the UCI did not penalise him because of the lack of a duplicate sample. The UCI confirmed that its own doctor Mario Zorzoli leaked the 15 forms tying Armstrong to the failed tests to L'Équipe. On 22 October 2012, Armstrong was banned for life and stripped of all his titles since 1 August 1998, including all seven of his Tour de France victories, because an investigation by USADA concluded that he had been engaged in a massive doping scheme. Due to 20 of the 21 podium finishers "directly tied to likely doping through admissions, sanctions, public investigations or exceeding the UCI hematocrit (a blood test to discover EPO use) threshold", Escartin's third place finish in the 1999 Tour de France stands as the lone of the 21 podium finishes that was untainted, during the years (1999–2005) in which Lance Armstrong finished the Tour de France in first place.

The 2007 Tour de France was dogged by controversies from the start. On 18 July, two German television companies pulled out of coverage after T Mobile's German rider, Patrik Sinkewitz, failed a test for testosterone on 8 June at a pre Tour training camp. Alessandro Petacchi, a sprint specialist, failed a test for salbutamol at Pinerolo on 23 May in the 2007 Giro d'Italia, the day of the third of his five stage wins in the event. Petacchi, an asthma sufferer, was suspended by Milram and forced to miss the Tour de France. He was later cleared after the drug was deemed to be therapeutic use. On 19 June it was revealed that the leader, Michael Rasmussen, was under suspicion for missing two out of competition doping tests. The Dane had been dropped by the Danish Cycling Union and his Olympic place was under review. However, with information available at the time, Rasmussen had not committed an offence under UCI rules and he remained in the yellow jersey. On 8 November Rasmussen admitted providing false information to the UCI. Then on 24 July it was revealed that Alexander Vinokourov had failed a test for blood doping after the time trial in Albi, which he won by more than a minute As a result, the Astana Team withdrew. Vinokourov's teammates Andreas Klöden and Andrey Kashechkin were fifth and seventh at the time. Vinokourov also failed tests for blood doping after winning Monday's stage 15. Following the Vinokourov announcement, Tour director Christian Prudhomme said professional cycling needed a "complete overhaul" to combat doping. A day later, after winning the 16th stage on the Col d'Aubisque—a victory that assured he would be the overall winner—it was alleged that Rasmussen had lied to his Rabobank team about his whereabouts on 13 and 14 June, prior to the Tour. For breaching team rules, he was removed from the race. It was later revealed that the Tour organiser, Amaury Sport Organisation, had pressed Rabobank to remove Rasmussen. On the same day, Team Cofidis pulled out following the failed test on their rider Cristian Moreni. The Tour continued to be embroiled in doping controversies even after it finished. It emerged that Spanish cyclist (and 16th placed rider) Iban Mayo had failed a test for EPO on the second rest day, on 24 July. He was suspended by his team Saunier Duval–Prodir. Mayo had previously failed tests for synthetic testosterone during the 2007 Giro d'Italia, but the UCI found that he had not breached any doping regulation. Tour winner Alberto Contador also continued to be linked to doping allegations, focussing on his relationship with Eufemiano Fuentes and his role in Operación Puerto, but without new revelations. Contador was tested in the Tour after stages 14, 17, and 18 and no discrepancies were reported. Several participants, such as Sébastien Hinault, implied that he is no better than Rasmussen. On 30 July German doping expert Werner Franke accused him of having taken drugs in the past.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Telekom 100h 30' 35" Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned retroactively in 2011 for the period 2005–07. 2 Festina–Lotus + 9' 09" Sanctioned for doping during the Festina affair. 3 Mercatone Uno + 14' 03" Forced to take a two week break from racing in 1999 Giro for irregular blood values. Implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case in 2006. Died of a cocaine overdose in 2004. 4 Banesto + 15' 55" Failed tests for Caffeine and suspended for 3 months in 1994. Named as a client of Francesco Conconi in the 1998 Giardini Margherita investigation. 5 Kelme–Costa Blanca + 20' 32" Named as a client of Francesco Conconi. Client of Michele Ferrari. 6 Saeco + 22' 47" In 1998, Casagrande tested positive for doping with testosterone during the Tour de Romandie, and consequently was fired by his team Casagrande was barred from competing in the 2004 Vuelta a España a day before its start due to a high hematocrit level, indicating the use of erythropoietin (EPO), a popular doping product. 7 Telekom + 26' 34" Riis confessed on 25 May 2007 to taking EPO, growth hormone and cortisone for 6 years, from 1993 to 1998, including during his victory in the 1996 Tour de France. 8 Banesto + 31' 17" 9 Saeco + 31' 55" Sanctioned for doping during Festina affair. 10 Mercatone Uno + 32' 26" After the 2002 Giro d'Italia, Conti was banned for six months for possessing various banned substances for doping.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno 92h 49' 46" Forced to take a two week break from racing in 1999 Giro for irregular blood values. 4 Christophe Rinero Cofidis +9' 16" Accused of doping by teammate Philippe Gaumont in the book Prisonnier du dopage. 5 Michael Boogerd Rabobank +11' 26" Accused by Floyd Landis of blood doping. Allegedly involved in Humanplasma affair. Admitted to use of cortisone, EPO and blood transfusions between 1997 and 2007. Handed a two year ban in 2016 for historical doping offences. 6 Jean Cyril Robin US Postal Service +14' 57" 7 Roland Meier Cofidis +15' 13" Tested positive for EPO in 2001. 8 Daniele Nardello Mapei +16' 07" 9 Giuseppe Di Grande Mapei +17' 35" Sentenced to six months imprisonment for violating anti doping laws in Italy in 2005. 10 Axel Merckx Polti +17' 39" Named as a client of Francesco Conconi in the 1998 Giardini Margherita investigation. Client of Michele Ferrari.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 91h 32' 16" Allegedly failed tests for EPO in 1999 in an unofficial test done in 2005 on frozen urine. Client of banned doping doctor Michele Ferrari. Accused by former team members, including Floyd Landis and Tyler Hamilton. Banned for life and stripped of all Tour de France titles in 2012. 7 Mapei +17' 02" 8 Polti +17' 28" Sanctioned for doping during the Festina affair. 9 Festina +17' 37" 10 ONCE +23' 10"

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 92h 33' 08" See #1999 Tour de France 2 Telekom +6' 02" See #1998 Tour de France 3 Festina +10' 04"Implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case. Name later removed from the case by Spanish officials in 2006. 4 Festina +10' 34" Failed tests for anabolic steroids in 1998. Admitted to taking EPO during the Festina trial. 5 Kelme +11' 50" Tested positive for EPO at the 2005 Vuelta a España. 6 Polti +13' 26" See #1999 Tour de France 7 Kelme +14' 18" Implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from 2006 Tour. Later cleared by Colombian officials. 8 Kelme +17' 21" See #1999 Tour de France 9 Banesto +18' 09" Implicated in Operación Puerto and banned from the 2006 Tour de France. 10 Mapei +18' 25"

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 86h 17' 28" See #1999 Tour de France 2 Telekom +6' 44" See #1998 Tour de France 3 ONCE +9' 05" See #2000 Tour de France 4 Cofidis +9' 53" 5 ONCE +13' 28"Banned for six months in 2000 for nandrolone and again in 2002. 6 Bonjour +17' 22" 7 Kelme +18' 30" Implicated in Telekom affair and Operación Puerto. Banned in 2010 after failing tests in the Vuelta a Colombia. 8 Kelme +20' 55" See #2000 Tour de France 9 ONCE +21' 45" Among the riders named in the Operación Puerto doping case. 10 Rabobank +22' 38"See #1998 Tour de France

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 82h 05' 12" See #1999 Tour de France 2 ONCE +7' 17" See #2000 Tour de France 3 Lampre +8' 17" Failed tests for EPO in 2003. Given a four month suspended prison sentence in 2006 for importing prohibited substances into France. 4 Kelme +13' 10" See #2000 Tour de France 5 ONCE +13' 54" See #2001 Tour de France 6 ONCE +15' 44" 7 iBanesto. com +16' 05" See #2000 Tour de France 8 Rabobank +17' 11" Failed tests for ephedrine 1996 U. S. National Criterium Championships. Admitted to doping during the 2011–2012 USADA investigation and later had all results voided from June 1999 to July 2006. 9 US Postal Service +17' 12" See #2000 Tour de France 10 Team CSC +19' 05"

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 83h 41' 12" See #1999 Tour de France 2 Bianchi +1' 01" see #1998 Tour de France 3 Telekom +4' 14" Blood doping at 2007 Tour de France, one year ban. 4 Team CSC +6' 17" Received a two year ban for blood doping at the 2004 Olympics and the 2004 Vuelta a España. Implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case in 2006. Given an eight year ban for failing a tests for DHEA in 2009. Admitted to doping during the 2012 USADA investigation. 5 Euskaltel +6' 51" 6 Euskaltel +7' 06" Handed a two year ban after testing positive for EPO at the 2007 Tour de France. 7 Fassa Bortolo +10' 12" Implicated in Operación Puerto and suspended in 2007 for two years for admitting to planning to use doping. 8 Crédit Agricole +12' 28" see #2000 Tour de France 9 Team CSC +18' 49" 10 iBanesto. com +19' 15" See #2000 Tour de France

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 US Postal Service 83h 36' 02" See #1999 Tour de France 2 T Mobile +6' 19" Named among the riders to have received illegal blood transfusions in Freiburg in 2006. 3 Team CSC +6' 40" See #2003 Tour de France 4 T Mobile +8' 50" See #1998 Tour de France 5 US Postal Service +14' 30" 6 Illes Balears Banesto Santander +18' 01" See #2000 Tour de France 7 Gerolsteiner +18' 27"Charged with lying under oath about his involvement in doping after receiving a blood transfusion during the 2005 Tour de France. 8 Team CSC +19' 51" 9 Rabobank +20' 12" See #2002 Tour de France 10 Phonak +22' 54" Failed tests for Salbutamol in 2006, but later acquitted.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Discovery Channel 86h 15' 02" See #1999 Tour de France 2 Team CSC +4' 40" See #2003 Tour de France 3 T Mobile +6' 21" see #1998 Tour de France 4 Illes Balears Caisse d'Epargne +9' 59" See #2000 Tour de France 5 T Mobile +11' 01" See #2003 Tour de France 6 Gerolsteiner +11' 21" See #2002 Tour de France 7 Rabobank +11' 33" Removed by his own team from the 2007 Tour de France after lying about whereabouts testing violations. Admitted to the use of EPO, human growth hormone, testosterone, DHEA, insulin, IGF 1, cortisone and blood transfusions between 1998 and 2010. 8 Davitamon–Lotto +11' 55" Had a meeting with Michele Ferrari in 2000. 9 Phonak +12' 44" See #2006 Tour de France 10 Phonak +16' 04" See #2004 Tour de France

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Phonak 89h 39' 30" Failed tests for Testosterone during the 2006 Tour de France and was disqualified from the race. Later admitted to doping throughout his career. 2 Caisse d'Epargne + 0' 57" 3 T Mobile +0' 32" See #2004 Tour de France 4 Team CSC +2' 16" 5 Davitamon–Lotto +4' 11" See #2005 Tour de France 6 Rabobank +6' 09" Client of Michele Ferrari. Disqualified from the 2009, 2010 and 2012 Tours and received a two year ban for adverse biological passport findings. 7 Ag2r +7' 44" 8 Ag2r +8' 40" see #2000 Tour de France 9 Euskaltel +11' 08" 10 T Mobile +14' 10" Client of Michele Ferrari.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 DSC 91h 00' 26" see #2010 Tour de France 2 + 23" See #2005 Tour de France 3 DSC + 31" See #2002 Tour de France 4 + 7' 08" 5 + 8' 17" 6 + 11' 37" Convicted in 2009 of EPO use after link to Operación Puerto and handed a two year ban. 7 + 12' 18" 8 + 12' 25" Client of Michele Ferrari. House raided by police, who found drugs and doping paraphernalia. Scored 10/10 on 2010 leaked UCI list of suspicious riders. 9 + 14' 14" Tested positive for EPO in 2009 and given a two year ban.10 + 14' 25" See #2004 Tour de France

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Team CSC 87h 52' 52" 2 Silence–Lotto +0' 58" See #2005 Tour de France 3 Gerolsteiner DQ Failed tests for CERA and was disqualified. 4 Rabobank +2' 10" See #2006 Tour de France 5 Garmin +3' 05" Admitted to using doping on the US Postal team. All results from June 2004 through April 2006 voided. 6 Team CSC +4' 28" Removed from the 2012 Tour de France after testing positive for diuretic masking agent xipamide. Implicated in the Opération Puerto doping case for transferring 7000 euros into a bank account held by Dr Fuentes. 7 Euskaltel +6' 25" Handed a two year ban after testing positive for growth hormone GHRP 2. 8 Team Columbia +6' 55" 9 Caisse d'Epargne +7' 12" See #2007 Tour de France 10 Ag2r +9' 05" Handed a two year ban for irregular biological passport values.

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Astana 85h 48' 35" See #2010 Tour de France 2 Team Saxo Bank +4' 11" 3 Astana +5' 24" See #1999 Tour de France 4 Garmin +6' 01" Implicated in the Team Sky "Jiffy Bag" Scandal Admitted to working with Michele Ferrari. 10 Française des Jeux +14' 25"

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 Astana 91h 58'48" Implicated in the Operación Puerto doping case; although his name was removed by prosecutors in 2006. Tested positive for clenbuterol in the 2010 Tour de France and was stripped of his title and given a two year doping ban. 2 Team Saxo Bank + 39" 3 Rabobank +2' 01" See #2006 Tour de France 4 Euskaltel +3' 40" See #2008 Tour de France 5 Omega Pharma – Lotto +6' 54" Implicated in a Belgian blood doping scandal in 2014. 6 Rabobank +9' 31" 7 Garmin +10' 15" Admitted to doping 8 Katusha +11' 37" 9 Liquigas +11' 54" See #2009 Tour de France 10 Team Radioshack +12' 02"

RankNameTeamTimeNotes 1 86h 12′ 22″ See #2005 Tour de France 2 + 1′ 34″ 3 + 2′ 30″ See #2008 Tour de France 4 + 3′ 20″ 5 + 4′ 55″ See #2008 Tour de France 6 + 6′ 05″ Indicted but later cleared in the Mantoba doping trial. 7 + 7′ 23″ See #2003 Tour de France 8 + 8′ 15″ Admitted to doping on the US Postal team. Banned for six months with all results from March 2005 through 23 September 2006 voided. 9 + 10′ 11″ 10 + 10′ 43″

RankRiderTeamTimeNotes 1 87h 34' 47" See #2009 Tour de France 2 + 3' 21″ Adverse analytical finding for salbutamol at the 2017 Vuelta a España. Was later cleared following an investigation. 3 + 6' 19″ 4 + 10' 15″ See #2010 Tour de France 5 + 11' 04″ 6 + 15' 41″ 7 + 15' 49″ See #2005 Tour de France 8 + 16' 26″ 9 + 16' 33″ Handed a ten month ban in 2018 for testing positive for methylhexanamine. 10 + 17' 17″

RankRiderTeamTimeNotes 1 83h 56' 40" See #2012 Tour de France 2 + 4' 20" Retrospectively disqualified from the 2022 Tour de France over detected tramadol usage. 3 + 5' 04" 4 + 6' 27" See #2007 Tour de France 5 + 7' 27" See #2009 Tour de France 6 + 11' 42" 7 + 12' 17" Cycling Anti Doping Federation (CADF) lead an internal investigation, where no links between Fuglsang and banned doctor Michele Ferrari were found. The case was never processed to UCI. 8 + 15' 26" See #2007 Tour de France 9 + 15' 52" 10 + 17' 39"