Sperm oil

Waxy liquid obtained from sperm whales

Sperm oil is a waxy liquid obtained from sperm whales. It is a clear, yellowish liquid with a very faint odor. Sperm oil has a different composition from common whale oil, obtained from rendered blubber. Although it is traditionally called an "oil", it is technically a liquid wax. It is composed of wax esters with a small proportion of triglycerides, an ester of an unsaturated fatty acid, and a branched chain fatty alcohol. It is a natural antioxidant and heat transfer agent. The oil from bottlenose whales was sometimes called "Arctic sperm oil." It was cheaper than and inferior to true sperm oil.

After killing a sperm whale, the whalers would pull the carcass alongside the ship, cut off the cranium and haul it on deck, whereupon they would cut a hole in it and bail out the matter inside with a bucket. The primary source of sperm oil was the spermaceti organ and the junk (or "melon"), the organs that serve to focus and modulate the animal's vocalizations. The matter from these organs was stored in casks to be processed on land; sometimes it was boiled first to prevent it going rancid. The blubber also contained smaller proportions of spermaceti, which was obtained by boiling the blubber on the ship itself. On land, the casks of head matter were allowed to chill during the winter, causing it to congeal into a spongy and viscous mass. The congealed matter was then loaded into wool sacks and placed in a press to squeeze out its liquid. This liquid was bottled and sold as "winter strained sperm oil". This was the most valuable product: a lubricant that remained liquid in freezing winter temperatures. When spring came and the leftover solid matter melted a bit, the liquid was strained off and sold as "spring strained sperm oil". In summer, the matter melted some more and the liquid was strained off to leave a fully solid wax. This wax, brown in color, was then bleached and sold as "spermaceti wax".

+ Physical properties of sperm oil specific gravity 0.884 at 15.6 °C flash point 260–266 °C saponification value 120–150.3 unsaponifiable matter 17.5–44.0% iodine number (Wijs)
70.4–96.4 viscosity index 180
Sperm oil has a fairly low viscosity (roughly equal to coconut oil). It is fairly resistant to oxidization. Spermaceti is a liquid wax, composed mostly of wax esters (chiefly cetyl palmitate) and a smaller proportion of triglycerides, with oleic acid being the most common fatty acid. The proportion of wax esters in the spermaceti organ increases with the age of the whale: 38 51% in calves, 58 87% in adult females, and 71 94% in adult males. The blubber oil of the whale is about 66% wax. When cooled to below , the waxes in spermaceti begin to crystallize. Winter strained sperm oil is roughly two thirds wax esters and one third triglycerides. Most of the carbon chains are unsaturated, with 18:1 being the most common. Unlike other toothed whales save the Amazon river dolphin, most of the carbon chains in the wax esters are relatively long (C10 C22). Prior to 1972, over of sperm whale oil was used annually in lubricants because of its exceptional lubricity and heat stability. In 1972, the sperm whale was listed as an Endangered Species. The following year, the US Congress amended the Endangered Species Act, outlawing the killing of whales and the use of their oil. where for example, transmission failures rose from under 1 million in 1972 to over 8 million by 1975. In the late 20th century, jojoba oil was discovered to be a better substitute for high friction applications because it is even more stable at high temperatures. This caused sperm oil's price to collapse to a tenth of its previous value. Because of its very low freezing point, sperm oil saw widespread use in the aerospace industry. Sperm oil was used to protect metals from rust. A coat of sperm oil provided a temporary protection for the metal components in firearms, because it did not dry out or gum up. It was the basis of the original (but not current) Rust Oleum. Sperm oil was used in Gun type nuclear bombs. In such a bomb, two lumps of uranium are fired towards each other in a tube. These two lumps combine and becomes larger than its critical mass. Oil was used to lubricate these tubes. As all other oils that were tested dried up after some time, sperm oil was used and was found to work.