Russian battleship Tri Sviatitelia

Russian pre dreadnought battleship

Tri Sviatitelia (Три Святителя, meaning the Three Holy Hierarchs) was a pre dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1890s. She served with the Black Sea Fleet and was flagship of the forces pursuing the mutinous battleship Russian battleship Potemkin in June 1905. During World War I the ship encountered the German battlecruiser (formally Yavuz Sultan Selim) twice, but never hit the German ship, nor was she damaged by her. From 1915 onward she was relegated to the coast bombardment role as she was the oldest battleship in the fleet. Tri Sviatitelia was refitting in Sevastopol when the February Revolution of 1917 began and she was never operational afterwards. Tri Sviatitelia was captured when the Germans took the city in May 1918 and was turned over to the Allies after the Armistice in November 1918. Her engines were destroyed in 1919 by the British when they withdrew from Sevastopol to prevent the advancing Bolsheviks from using her against the White Russians. She was abandoned when the Whites evacuated the Crimea in 1920 and was scrapped in 1923.

Tri Sviatitelias design was based on an enlarged version of the Baltic Fleet battleship Russian battleship Navarin with some improvements in armour and armament. The ship was 371 feet (113 m) long at the waterline and 378 feet (115 m) long overall. She had a beam of 73 feet (22 m) and a draught of 28 feet (9 m). She displaced , over more than her designed displacement of Tri Sviatitelia was considerably larger than Navarin, being 23 feet (7 m) longer, 6 feet (2 m) wider and displacing more. She had a metacentric height of 5.58 feet (2 m).

The ships had a pair of three cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines built by the British firm of Humphreys & Tennant that had a total designed output of Steam was provided to the engines by 14 cylindrical fire tube boilers at a pressure of , which drove pair of four bladed screw propellers. On sea trials, the powerplant produced a total of and a top speed of She carried a maximum of of coal at full load that provided a range of at a speed of Tri Sviatitelia had three dynamos with a total output of 305 kW, but these were too small and could not supply enough power to work all the electrical equipment simultaneously.

Her main armament consisted of four 40 calibre Obukhov Model 1895 guns mounted in hydraulically powered twin gun turrets fore and aft. Each turret had a firing arc of 270°. The guns had a firing interval of 105 seconds between rounds. They had a maximum elevation of +15 degrees and could depress to −5 degrees. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of to a range of at an elevation of 10°. 75 rounds per gun were carried. The anti torpedo boat armament consisted of a large number of different guns. Four 45 calibre Canet Pattern 1892 guns were mounted at the corners of the superstructure. The gun fired shells to a range of about at 18 degrees elevation with a muzzle velocity of The rate of fire was between twelve and fifteen rounds per minute. A total of 10 Hotchkiss guns were carried: six between the 4.7 inch guns, two at the forward end of the superstructure and two in embrasures in the aft hull. A total of 40 Hotchkiss guns were mounted; eight in each of the fighting tops, eight on top of the superstructure, twelve in small hull embrasures fore and aft and the locations of the remaining four are uncertain. Tri Sviatitelia carried six torpedo tubes. The forward broadside tubes were underwater, but the other four tubes were above water, one each in the bow and stern and the aft pair of broadside tubes.

Tri Sviatitelia was the first Russian ship to use Harvey armour. The lower casemate was above the belt, 218 feet (66 m) long and eight feet high, and was intended to protect the bases of the turrets. It had 16 inch sides and was closed off by 16 inch transverse bulkheads fore and aft. The upper casemate protected the six inch guns and was thick on all sides. The sides of the turrets were thick and the conning tower's sides were in thickness. The nickel steel armor deck was thick over the lower casemate, but thick forward and aft of the main armor belt to the bow and stern.

Tri Sviatitelia was named after the Three Holy Hierarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church. She was built by Nikolayev Dockyard and laid down 15 August 1891, although actual construction had begun about January 1891. The ship was launched 12 November 1893 and transferred to Sevastopol for completion the following year. Officially she entered service in 1895 with the Black Sea Fleet, but her sea trials did not begin until September–October 1896. In 1899 Tri Sviatitelia became the first ship in the world to be fitted with a radio, an installation designed by the Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov that had a range of about 3 mile (5 km). The ship was flagship of Rear Admiral F. F. Vishnevetskii during the failed attempt to recapture the mutinous battleship Russian battleship Potemkin on 30 June 1905. Her forward fighting top was removed about 1908.

Tri Sviatitelia, accompanied by the pre dreadnoughts Russian battleship Evstafi (flagship), Russian battleship Ioann Zlatoust, Russian battleship Panteleimon (the former Potemkin), Russian battleship Rostislav, bombarded Trebizond on the morning of 17 November 1914 and was intercepted by the Ottoman battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim and the light cruiser Midilli the following day on their return voyage to Sevastopol in what came to be known as the Battle of Cape Sarych. Despite the noon hour the conditions were foggy and the capital ships initially did not spot each other. The Black Sea Fleet had experimented on concentrating fire from several ships under the control of a "master ship" before the war and Evstafi held her fire until Ioann Zlatoust, the master ship, could see Yavuz. When the gunnery commands were finally received they showed a range in excess of Evstafis own estimate of , so Evstafi opened fire using her own data before the Yavuz turned to unmask its broadside. However the Tri Sviatitelia used Ioann Zlatousts inaccurate range data and failed to register any hits on the Ottoman ship. Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav bombarded Ottoman fortifications at the mouth of the Bosphorus on 18 March 1915, but only fired 105 rounds before sailing north to rejoin the covering force. On 3 April, Yavuz and several ships of the Turkish navy raided the Russian port at Odessa; the Russian battleship squadron sortied to intercept them. The battleships chased Yavuz the entire day, but were unable to reach effective gunnery range and were forced to break off the chase. On 25 April Tri Sviatitelia and Rostislav repeated their bombardment of the Bosporus forts. Sviatitelia, Rostislav and Panteleimon bombarded the forts again on 2 and 3 May. However, this time a total of 337 main gun rounds were fired in addition to a total of 528 six inch shells between the three battleships. On 9 May 1915, Tri Sviatitelia and Panteleimon returned to bombard the Bosphorus forts, covered by the remaining pre dreadnoughts. Yavuz intercepted the three ships of the covering force, although no damage was inflicted by either side. Tri Sviatitelia and Pantelimon rejoined their consorts and the latter scored two hits on Yavuz before she broke off the action. The Russian ships pursued her for six hours before giving up the chase. Tri Sviatitelia was fitted with a pair of anti aircraft guns
on top of each of her turrets during 1915 and screens were added on top of her funnels to keep out light bombs. On 12 August 1915 she, and all the other pre dreadnoughts, were transferred to the 2nd Battleship Brigade, after the dreadnought Russian battleship Imperatritsa Mariya had entered service. During 1916 she conducted coast bombardment and anti shipping missions off the Anatolian coast. Tri Sviatitelia was refitting in Sevastopol during the February Revolution of 1917. Immobile, she was captured by the Germans in Sevastopol in May 1918 and handed over to the Allies in December 1918 after the Armistice. The British wrecked her engines on 24 April 1919 when they left the Crimea to prevent the advancing Bolsheviks from using her against the White Russians. The ship was captured by both sides during the Russian Civil War, but was abandoned by the White Russians when they evacuated the Crimea in November 1920. Tri Sviatitelia was scrapped in 1923, although she was not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925.