Crawfish frog

Species of amphibian

The crawfish frog (Lithobates areolatus) is a medium sized species of frog native to the prairies and grasslands of the central United States. It gets its name because it inhabits the burrows of crayfish for most of the year. They have defined golden or black circles all over their body.

The crawfish frog grows from 2.2 to 3.0 in (5.6 to 7.6 cm) in length. It ranges from yellow to brown in color, with a white ventral surface. The numerous dark brown spots on the back of L. areolatus each has a light colored ring around it. It has a distinct skin fold on either side of its back, which are much more pronounced in males than females, and a relatively small tympanum. This species spends most of the year in association with a terrestrial crayfish burrow. Once the females arrive, amplexus is likely to take place and the females deposit up to 7,000 eggs at a time in large, globular masses. The eggs hatch in an average of 12 days, and the tadpoles metamorphose into froglets within three or four months. The newly metamorphosed juvenile frogs must quickly seek out a crayfish burrow to occupy to avoid predation. from Indiana west to Kansas, south to Texas, and east to Mississippi. This species is largely associated with former prairie regions where crawfish burrows are found, but with the effects of habitat loss along with urbanization, many populations have been extirpated. In 2016 a sizable population was documented in Sumter County, Alabama. A new county record was added in 2017 in Perry County, Arkansas within the Ouachita Mountains. See Notes below.

The crawfish frog is listed as least concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and is listed as endangered in Iowa (where it has likely been extirpated) and Indiana. According to the IUCN Red List, habitat loss is the biggest threat to this species, though disease (chytridiomycosis) and competitive pressure from other anurans have also been identified as potential stresses. Conservation efforts are focused on protecting L. areolatus habitat. Crawfish frogs can travel more than 1 km between ponds during the breeding season, Within these protected areas, mowing, plowing, and heavy vehicle use should all be limited in the summer. Additional conservation strategies include genetic management. This method of conservation is unlikely to take place until crawfish frog populations decrease significantly. If genetic management is required, recent studies have shown that genetic diversity within L. areolatus populations is strong and should be enough to maintain fitness.

The two subspecies of crawfish frog (L. areolatus) are:

Southern crawfish frog, L. a. areolatus (Baird & Girard, 1852)
Northern crawfish frog, L. a. circulosus (Davis and Rice, 1883)