Transphonologization

In historical linguistics, transphonologization (also known as rephonologization or cheshirization, see below) is a type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature X evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature Y. For example, a language contrasting two words * vs. * may evolve historically so that final consonants are dropped, yet the modern language preserves the contrast through the nature of the vowel, as in a pair vs. Such a situation would be described by saying that a former contrast between oral and nasal consonants has been transphonologized into a contrast between oral and nasal vowels. The term transphonologization was coined by André Georges Haudricourt. The concept was defined and amply illustrated by Hagège & Haudricourt; it has been mentioned by several followers of panchronic phonology, and beyond.

In French, a final sound disappeared, but left its trace in the nasalization of the preceding vowel, as in vin blanc vɛ̃ blɑ̃, from historical In many languages (Sino Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Oceanic, Celtic ), a vowel was nasalized by the nasal consonant preceding it: this "historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel" is a case of transphonologization.

In American English, the words rider and writer are pronounced with a instead of and as a result of flapping. The distinction between the two words can, however, be preserved by (or transferred to) the length of the vowel (or in this case, diphthong), as vowels are pronounced longer before voiced consonants than before voiceless consonants. Before disappearing, a sound may trigger or prevent some phonetic change in its vicinity that would not otherwise have occurred, and which may remain long afterward. For example:
In the English word night, the sound (spelled gh) disappeared, but before, or perhaps as it did so (see "compensatory lengthening"), it lengthened the vowel , so that the word is pronounced '/n//aɪ//t/ "nite" rather than the '/n//ɪ//t/ "nit" that would otherwise be expected for a closed syllable. in Hejazi Arabic's direct object pronoun, the ـُه sound at the end of words has disappeared, so that the contrast in the Classical Arabic قالوه (they said it) and قالوا (they said) became a contrast only between the vowels as قالوه (they said it) and قالوا (they said).

The existence of contrastive tone in modern languages often originates in transphonologization of earlier contrasts between consonants: e. g. a former contrast of consonant voicing (* vs. *) transphonologizes to a tonal contrast (* vs. *)
The tone split of Chinese, where the voiced consonants present in Middle Chinese lowered the tone of a syllable and subsequently lost their voicing in many varieties. Floating tones are generally the remains of entire disappeared syllables.

Consonant mutation in Celtic languages (a lost vowel triggered initial consonant lenition, and a lost nasal triggered nasalization). In Sanskrit, the sequence * Vžd became retroflexed and lengthened to V̄ḍ , e. g. Proto Indo European *nizdós ("nest") → Proto Indo Iranian *niždás → Sanskrit nīḍáḥ. In Makassarese, Proto Malayo Polynesian schwa phoneme *ə geminates the following consonant but merges to a (*bəli → *bəlli → balli "to buy, price", compare Indonesian beli).

Rephonologization was a term used by Roman Jakobson (1931 [1972]) to refer to essentially the same process but failed to catch on because of its ambiguity. In a 1994 paper, Norman (1994) used it again in the context of a proposed Old Chinese sound change that transferred a distinction formerly expressed through putative pharyngealization of the initial consonant of a syllable to one expressed through presence or absence of a palatal glide before the main vowel of the syllable. However, rephonologization is occasionally used with another meaning, referring to changes such as the Germanic sound shift or the Slavic change from to , where the phonological relationships among sounds change but the number of phonemes stays the same. That can be viewed as a special case of the broader process being described here. James Matisoff (1991:443) coined cheshirization as a synonym for transphonologization. The term jokingly refers to the Cheshire Cat, a character in the book Alice in Wonderland, who "vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which remained some time after the rest of it had gone". Cheshirization has been used by some other authors (e. g. John McWhorter in McWhorter 2005, and Hilary Chappell in Chappell 2006).