Кіріспе
Неміс Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстың ұшақ отбасысы түрі = Ұшқыш өндіруші = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) Messerschmitt AG дизайнері = Вилли Мессершмитт, Роберт Луссер алғашқы ұшу = 29 мамыр 1935 енгізілді = 1937 ақпанда зейнеткерлікке шықты = 9 мамыр 1945, Люфтвафе, 27 желтоқсан 1965, испан әуе күштері негізгі пайдаланушы = Люфтвафе көбірек пайдаланушылар = Корольдік венгр әуе күштері, Ұлттық республикалық әуе күштері, Румыния әуе күштері саны = 34,248 Bf 109 өндірісінің бір бөлігі нацистік концлагерлерде құл еңбегі арқылы жүзеге асты. Bf 109 ұшағын барлық уақыттағы ең жоғары нәтиже көрсеткен үш ұшқыш ұштырды, олар 928 жеңіске қол жеткізді, негізінен Шығыс майданындағы Jagdgeschwader 52 құрамында. Ең көп жеңіс тіркелген Эрих Хартман 352 жеңіске ие болды. Ұшақты сонымен қатар Солтүстік Африка кампаниясындағы ең жоғары нәтиже көрсеткен Ханс Йоахим Марсель де ұштырды, ол 158 жау ұшағын атып түсірді (шамамен үштен бір бөлігі уақытта). Германиямен күресетін басқа елдердің көптеген аса ұшқыштары да оны ұшырды, атап айтқанда фин Илмари Юутилайнен, неміс емес аса ұшқыштардың ең жоғары нәтижесін көрсеткен. Ол Bf 109 ұшағымен 94 растаулы жеңісінің 58-ін жеңді. Венгрия, Румыния, Болгария, Хорватия және Италия ұшқыштары да осы ұшақты ұшырды. Ұдайы дамудың нәтижесінде Bf 109 соғыс аяқталғанға дейін одақтастардың соңғы ұшақтарымен бәсекелесе алды. Дамыту және жобалау
German WWII fighter aircraft family
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
Бастаулары
1933 жылы Техникалық басқарма (C Amt), Рейхслюфтфартминстерствоның (RLM) ("Рейхс авиация министрлігі") техникалық бөлімі, болашақ әуе шайқасы туралы бірқатар зерттеу жобаларын аяқтады. Зерттеулердің нәтижесінде болашақ ұшақтардың төрт негізгі контуры пайда болды: Rüstungsflugzeug I көп орынды орта бомбалаушы үшін, Rüstungsflugzeug II тактикалық бомбалаушы үшін, Rüstungsflugzeug III бір орынды истребитель үшін және Rüstungsflugzeug IV екі орынды ауыр истребитель үшін.
German WWII fighter aircraft family
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
Rüstungsflugzeug III қысқа қашықтықтағы перехватчик болуы керек еді, ол сол кездегі Arado Ar 64 және Heinkel He 51 бипландарын алмастыруға тиіс болды. 1933 жылдың наурыз айының соңында RLM бір орынды истребительдің тактикалық талаптарын L. A. 1432/33 құжатында жариялады. Жобаланған истребительдің ең жоғары жылдамдығы 90 минут бойы сақталуы тиіс болды, ал жалпы ұшу ұзақтығы 90 минутты құрауы керек еді. 6000 метрлік қауіпті биіктікке 17 минут ішінде жету керек еді, ал истребительдің максималды биіктігі жаңа Junkers Jumo 210 қозғалтқышымен қамтамасыз етілуі керек еді. Ол бір 20 мм MG C/30 қозғалтқышымен жабдықталған, пропеллер ортасынан моторлы қанат ретінде атылатын, немесе екі синхронды, қозғалтқыш капоты орнатылған 7,92 мм (.312 дюйм) MG 17 пулеметтерімен, немесе бір жеңіл қозғалтқыш орнатылған 20 мм MG FF пулеметпен және екі 7,92 мм MG 17 мылтықтарымен жабдықталуы керек еді. MG C/30 2 см FlaK 30 ұшаққа қарсы пулеметінің әуедегі адаптациясы болды, ол өте күшті "Long Solothurn" оқ-дәрілерін атып жіберді, бірақ өте ауыр және атыс жылдамдығы төмен болды. Сондай-ақ, қанаттың жүктемесі 100 кг/м2-ден төмен болуы керек еді. Ұшақтың жылдамдығы, көтерілу жылдамдығы және маневрлеу қабілеті бойынша бағаланады. Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) компаниясы бастапқыда жеке қарым-қатынас салдарынан конкурсқа қатысуға шақырылмаған деген болжам бар, бірақ Вилли Радингер және Вальтер Шиктің соңғы зерттеулері бұл жағдайдың болмауы мүмкін екенін көрсетеді, өйткені барлық үш бәсекелес компания – Arado, Heinkel және BFW – 1934 жылдың ақпан айында L. A. 1432/33 талаптарымен бір уақытта даму келісімшартын алды. Төртінші компания, Focke Wulf, 1934 жылдың қыркүйегінде ғана даму келісімшартының көшірмесін алды. Қозғалтқыш жаңа Junkers Jumo 210 болуы керек еді, бірақ ол қуаттырақ, бірақ аз дамыған Daimler Benz DB 600 қозғалтқышымен алмастырылатын болады. 1934 жылдың соңында әрқайсысынан үш прототиптің жасалуы және 1934 жылдың соңында бір-бірімен сынақтан өткізуді сұрады. Прототиптер
German WWII fighter aircraft family
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
Мессершмитттің P.1034 жобасының жобалау жұмыстары 1934 жылдың наурыз айында, даму келісімшарты берілгеннен кейін үш аптадан кейін басталды. Негізгі модель мамыр айында аяқталды, ал 1935 жылдың қаңтарында егжей-тегжейлі жобалық модель дайын болды. RLM дизайнды "Bf 109" типті деп белгіледі, бұл BFW-ге берілген нөмірлер блогынан келесісі. Бірінші прототип (Versuchsflugzeug 1 немесе V1), азаматтық тіркеу D IABI, 1935 жылдың мамырына дейін аяқталды, бірақ жаңа неміс қозғалтқыштары әлі дайын болған жоқ. "R III" жобаларын әуеге шығару үшін RLM төрт Rolls Royce Kestrel VI қозғалтқышын сатып алды. Мессершмитт осы қозғалтқыштардың екеуін алды және V1 қозғалтқышының тік тұрып тұруын V12 қозғалтқышына бейімдеді. V1 өзінің алғашқы ұшуын 1935 жылдың мамыр айының соңында Аугсбургтің оңтүстік жағында орналасқан Хаунштеттен әуеайлағында Ханс Дитрих "Буби" Кноецш жүргізді. Төрт айлық ұшу сынағынан кейін ұшақ қыркүйек айында Рехлиндегі Erprobungsstelle Rechlin әуе күштері орталық сынақ орталығына жобалау конкурсына қатысу үшін жеткізілді. 1935 жылы алғашқы Jumo қозғалтқыштары қол жетімді болды, сондықтан V2 қазан айында Jumo 210A қозғалтқышымен аяқталды. V3 одан кейін жасалды, алғашқыда қарумен жабдықталған, бірақ ол 1936 жылдың мамырына дейін тағы бір Jumo 210 қозғалтқышын алудағы кешігуге байланысты ұшпады. Жобалау конкурсы
German WWII fighter aircraft family
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
Люфтвафе қабылдау сынақтары аяқталғаннан кейін әуе күштерінің бас штабындағы Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) әскери авиацияны сынау және дамыту орталығында прототиптер Travemünde-дегі Балтық теңізі жағалауындағы E Stelle мекемесіне басталды. Сынаққа қатысқан ұшақтар Arado Ar 80 V3, Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, Heinkel He 112 V4 және Bf 109 V2 болды. He 112 бірінші болып, 1936 жылдың ақпан айының басында келді, ал қалған прототиптер ай соңына дейін келді. Көптеген Люфтвафе ұшқыштары бипландармен және ашық кабиналармен, төмен қанат жүктемесімен және оңай басқарумен таныс болғандықтан, бастапқыда Bf 109-ға сынды көзбен қарады. Алайда, ол жақын арада бәсекеде алдыңғы қатарға шықты, өйткені Arado және Focke Wulf жобалары, екі фавориттің сәтсіздігіне қарсы сақтандыру ретінде жоспарланған, толығымен жеңіліске ұшырады. Arado Ar 80, қанат пішінімен (V3-те тік қанатқа ауыстырылды) және бекітілген, қанат астындағы қондырғылармен ауыр және қуаты жеткіліксіз болды, және үш прототип салынғаннан кейін жоба тоқтатылды. Fw 159, мүмкін, сол фирманың бұрынғы Focke Wulf Fw 56-сынан шабыттанған, E Stelle Travemünde мекемесінің қызметкерлері биплан мен аэродинамикалық тиімді, төмен қанатты моноплан арасындағы компромисс ретінде қарастырылды. Ол кейбір жетілдірілген мүмкіндіктерге ие болғанымен, сенімсіз болып шыққан жаңа, күрделі қайтарылатын негізгі қондырғыны қолданды. Бастапқыда Bf 109 E Stelle сынау ұшқыштарымен ұшу және қону кезінде нашар көрініс тудыратын тік жерге орналасуына байланысты ұнамады; жанында ашылатын кабина, оны ұшу кезінде ашуға болмады (бірақ төтенше жағдайда ашуға болатын), сондай-ақ жоғары қанат жүктемесі. Heinkel He 112, Blitz-дің үлгісінде жасалған, Люфтвафе басшыларының сүйіктісі болды. Bf 109-мен салыстырғанда, ол арзан да болды. He 112-нің оң жақтары кең табан және қондырғылардың беріктігі (бұл 109-дың қанат тамырынан ашылатынға қарағанда қанаттың ортасынан ашылады), жақсы кабина көрінісі және оңай қонуға мүмкіндік беретін төмен қанат жүктемесі болды. Сонымен қатар, V4 бір бөліктен жасалған, ашық көріністі, жылғышалы кабинаға және модификацияланған шығарылым жүйесімен жабдықталған қуаттырақ Jumo 210Da қозғалтқышына ие болды. Алайда, He 112 құрылымдық жағынан да күрделі болды, Bf 109-дан 18%-ға ауыр болды, және ол...
German WWII fighter aircraft family
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
type = Fighter manufacturer = Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)Messerschmitt AG designer = Willy Messerschmitt, Robert Lusser first flight = 29 May 1935 introduced = February 1937 retired = 9 May 1945, Luftwaffe27 December 1965, Spanish Air Force primary user = Luftwaffe more users = Royal Hungarian Air ForceNational Republican Air ForceRoyal Romanian Air Force number built = 34,248 Some of the Bf 109 production took place in Nazi concentration camps through slave labor. The Bf 109 was flown by the three top scoring fighter aces of all time, who claimed 928 victories among them while flying with Jagdgeschwader 52, mainly on the Eastern Front. The highest scoring, Erich Hartmann, was credited with 352 victories. The aircraft was also flown by Hans Joachim Marseille, the highest scoring ace in the North African campaign, who shot down 158 enemy aircraft (in about a third of the time). It was also flown by many aces from other countries fighting with Germany, notably the Finn Ilmari Juutilainen, the highest scoring non German ace. He scored 58 of his 94 confirmed victories with the Bf 109. Pilots from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Italy also flew the fighter. Through constant development, the Bf 109 remained competitive with the latest Allied fighter aircraft until the end of the war. Design and development
Origins
During 1933, the Technisches Amt (C Amt), the technical department of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) ("Reich Aviation Ministry"), concluded a series of research projects into the future of air combat. The result of the studies was four broad outlines for future aircraft:
Rüstungsflugzeug I for a multi seat medium bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug II for a tactical bomber
Rüstungsflugzeug III for a single seat fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug IV for a two seat heavy fighter
Rüstungsflugzeug III was intended to be a short range interceptor, replacing the Arado Ar 64 and Heinkel He 51 biplanes then in service. In late March 1933, the RLM published the tactical requirements for a single seat fighter in the document L. A. 1432/33. The projected fighter needed to have a top speed of at , to be maintained for 20 minutes, while having a total flight duration of 90 minutes. The critical altitude of 6,000 metres was to be reached in no more than 17 minutes, and the fighter was to have an operational ceiling of Power was to be provided by the new Junkers Jumo 210 engine of about It was to be armed with either a single 20 mm MG C/30 engine mounted cannon firing through the propeller hub as a Motorkanone, or two synchronized, engine cowl mounted 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, or one lightweight engine mounted 20 mm MG FF cannon with two 7.92 mm MG 17s. The MG C/30 was an airborne adaption of the 2 cm FlaK 30 anti aircraft gun, which fired very powerful "Long Solothurn" ammunition, but was very heavy and had a low rate of fire. It was also specified that the wing loading should be kept below 100 kg/m2. The performance was to be evaluated based on the fighter's level speed, rate of climb, and maneuverability, in that order. It has been suggested that Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) was originally not invited to participate in the competition due to personal animosity between Willy Messerschmitt and RLM director Erhard Milch; however, recent research by Willy Radinger and Walter Shick indicates that this may not have been the case, as all three competing companies—Arado, Heinkel and BFW—received the development contract for the L. A. 1432/33 requirements at the same time in February 1934. A fourth company, Focke Wulf, received a copy of the development contract only in September 1934. The powerplant was to be the new Junkers Jumo 210, but the proviso was made that it would be interchangeable with the more powerful, but less developed Daimler Benz DB 600 powerplant. Each was asked to deliver three prototypes for head to head testing in late 1934. Prototypes
Design work on Messerschmitt Project Number P.1034 began in March 1934, just three weeks after the development contract was awarded. The basic mock up was completed by May, and a more detailed design mock up was ready by January 1935. The RLM designated the design as type "Bf 109", the next available from a block of numbers assigned to BFW. The first prototype (Versuchsflugzeug 1 or V1), with civilian registration D IABI, was completed by May 1935, but the new German engines were not yet ready. To get the "R III" designs into the air, the RLM acquired four Rolls Royce Kestrel VI engines by trading Rolls Royce a Heinkel He 70 Blitz for use as an engine test bed. Messerschmitt received two of these engines and adapted the engine mounts of V1 to take the V 12 engine upright. V1 made its maiden flight at the end of May 1935 at the airfield located in the southernmost Augsburg neighborhood of Haunstetten, piloted by Hans Dietrich "Bubi" Knoetzsch. After four months of flight testing, the aircraft was delivered in September to the Luftwaffe's central test centre at the Erprobungsstelle Rechlin to take part in the design competition. In 1935, the first Jumo engines became available, so V2 was completed in October using the Jumo 210A engine. V3 followed, the first to be mounted with guns, but it did not fly until May 1936 due to a delay in procuring another Jumo 210 engine. Design competition
After Luftwaffe acceptance trials were completed at their headquarters Erprobungsstelle (E Stelle) military aviation test and development facility at Rechlin, the prototypes were moved to the subordinate E Stelle Baltic seacoast facility at Travemünde for the head to head portion of the competition. The aircraft participating in the trials were the Arado Ar 80 V3, the Focke Wulf Fw 159 V3, the Heinkel He 112 V4 and the Bf 109 V2. The He 112 arrived first, in early February 1936, followed by the rest of the prototypes by the end of the month. Because most fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe were used to biplanes with open cockpits, low wing loading, light g forces and easy handling like the Heinkel He 51, they were very critical of the Bf 109 at first. However, it soon became one of the frontrunners in the contest, as the Arado and Focke Wulf entries, which were intended as "backup" programmes to safeguard against failure of the two favourites, proved to be completely outclassed. The Arado Ar 80, with its gull wing (replaced with a straight, tapered wing on the V3) and fixed, spatted undercarriage was overweight and underpowered, and the design was abandoned after three prototypes had been built. The parasol winged Fw 159, potentially inspired by the same firm's earlier Focke Wulf Fw 56, was always considered by the E Stelle Travemünde facility's staff to be a compromise between a biplane and an aerodynamically more efficient, low wing monoplane. Although it had some advanced features, it used a novel, complex retractable main undercarriage which proved to be unreliable. Initially, the Bf 109 was regarded with disfavour by E Stelle test pilots because of its steep ground angle, which resulted in poor forward visibility when taxiing; the sideways hinged cockpit canopy, which could not be opened in flight (but could be dropped by the emergency arm). They were also concerned about the high wing loading. The Heinkel He 112, based on a scaled down Blitz, was the favourite of the Luftwaffe leaders. Compared with the Bf 109, it was also cheaper. Positive aspects of the He 112 included the wide track and robustness of the undercarriage (this opened outwards from mid wing, as opposed to the 109s which opened from the wing root), considerably better visibility from the cockpit and a lower wing loading that made for easier landings. In addition, the V4 had a single piece, clear view, sliding cockpit canopy and a more powerful Jumo 210Da engine with a modified exhaust system. However, the He 112 was also structurally complicated, being 18% heavier than the Bf 109, and it soon became clear that the thick wing, which spanned 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in) with an area of 23.2 m2 (249.7 ft2) on the first prototype (V1), was a disadvantage for a light fighter, decreasing the aircraft's rate of roll and manoeuvrability. As a result, the He 112 V4 which was used for the trials had new wings, spanning 11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) with an area of 21.6 m2 (232.5 ft2). However, the improvements had not been fully tested and the He 112 V4 could not be demonstrated in accordance with the rules laid down by the Acceptance Commission, placing it at a distinct disadvantage. Because of its smaller, lighter airframe, the Bf 109 was 30 km/h (20 mph) faster than the He 112 in level flight, and superior in climbing and diving. The Commission ultimately ruled in favour of the Bf 109 because of the Messerschmitt test pilot's demonstration of the 109's capabilities during a series of spins, dives, flick rolls and tight turns, throughout which the pilot was in complete control of the aircraft. In March, the RLM received news that the British Supermarine Spitfire had been ordered into production. It was felt that a quick decision was needed to get the winning design into production as soon as possible, so on 12 March, the RLM announced the results of the competition in a document entitled Bf 109 Priority Procurement, which ordered the Bf 109 into production. At the same time, Heinkel was instructed to radically redesign the He 112. The Messerschmitt 109 made its public debut during the 1936 Berlin Olympics when the V1 prototype was flown. Design features
As with the earlier Bf 108, the new design was based on Messerschmitt's "lightweight construction" principle, which aimed to minimise the number of separate parts in the aircraft. Examples of this could be found in the use of two large, complex brackets which were fitted to the firewall. These brackets incorporated the lower engine mounts and landing gear pivot point into one unit. A large forging attached to the firewall housed the main spar pick up points and carried most of the wing loads. Contemporary design practice was usually to have these main load bearing structures mounted on different parts of the airframe, with the loads being distributed through the structure via a series of strong points. By concentrating the loads in the firewall, the structure of the Bf 109 could be made relatively light and uncomplicated. An advantage of this design was that the main landing gear, which retracted through an 85 degree angle, was attached to the fuselage, making it possible to completely remove the wings for servicing without additional equipment to support the fuselage. It also allowed simplification of the wing structure, since it did not have to bear the loads imposed during takeoff or landing. The one major drawback of this landing gear arrangement was its narrow wheel track, making the aircraft unstable while on the ground. To increase stability, the legs were splayed outward somewhat, creating another problem in that the loads imposed during takeoff and landing were transferred up through the legs at an angle. The small rudder of the Bf 109 was relatively ineffective at controlling the strong swing created by the powerful slipstream of the propeller during the early portion of the takeoff roll, and this sideways drift created disproportionate loads on the wheel opposite to the swing. If the forces imposed were large enough, the pivot point broke and the landing gear leg would collapse outward into its bay. Experienced pilots reported that the swing was easy to control, but some of the less experienced pilots lost fighters on takeoff. Because of the large ground angle caused by the long legs, forward visibility while on the ground was very poor, a problem exacerbated by the sideways opening canopy. This meant that pilots had to taxi in a sinuous fashion which also imposed stresses on the splayed undercarriage legs. Ground accidents were a problem with inexperienced pilots, especially during the later stages of the war when pilots received less training before being sent to operational units. At least 10% of all Bf 109s were lost in takeoff and landing accidents, 1,500 of which occurred between 1939 and 1941. The installation of a fixed "tall" tailwheel on some of the late G 10s and −14s and the K series helped alleviate the problem to a large extent. From the inception of the design, priority was given to easy access to the powerplant, fuselage weapons and other systems while the aircraft was operating from forward airfields. To this end, the entire engine cowling was made up of large, easily removable panels which were secured by large toggle latches. A large panel under the wing centre section could be removed to gain access to the L shaped main fuel tank, which was sited partly under the cockpit floor and partly behind the rear cockpit bulkhead. Other, smaller panels gave easy access to the cooling system and electrical equipment. The engine was held in two large, forged, Elektron magnesium alloy Y shaped legs, one per side straddling the engine block, which were cantilevered from the firewall. Each of the legs was secured by two quick release screw fittings on the firewall. All of the main pipe connections were colour coded and grouped in one place, where possible, and electrical equipment plugged into junction boxes mounted on the firewall. The entire powerplant could be removed or replaced as a unit in a matter of minutes, a potential step to the eventual adoption of the unitized powerplant Kraftei engine mounting concept used by many German combat aircraft designs, later in the war years. Another example of the Bf 109's advanced design was the use of a single, I beam main spar in the wing, positioned more aft than usual (to give enough room for the retracted wheel), thus forming a stiff D shaped torsion box. Most aircraft of the era used two spars, near the front and rear edges of the wings, but the D box was much stiffer torsionally, and eliminated the need for the rear spar. The wing profile was the NACA 2R1 14.2 at the root and NACA 2R1 11.35 at the tip, with a thickness to chord ratio of 14.2% at the root and 11.35% at the tip. Another major difference from competing designs was the higher wing loading. While the R IV contract called for a wing loading of less than 100 kg/m2, Messerschmitt felt this was unreasonable. With a low wing loading and the engines available, a fighter would end up being slower than the bombers it was tasked with catching. A fighter was designed primarily for high speed flight. A smaller wing area was optimal for achieving high speed, but low speed flight would suffer, as the smaller wing would require more airflow to generate enough lift to maintain flight. To compensate for this, the Bf 109 included advanced high lift devices on the wings, including automatically opening leading edge slats, and fairly large camber changing flaps on the trailing edge. The slats increased the lift of the wing considerably when deployed, greatly improving the horizontal maneuverability of the aircraft, as several Luftwaffe veterans, such as Erwin Leykauf, attest. Messerschmitt also included ailerons that "drooped" when the flaps were lowered (F series and later the lower radiator flap operated as part of the flap system), thereby increasing the effective flap area. When deployed, these devices effectively increased the wings' coefficient of lift. Fighters with liquid cooled engines were vulnerable to hits in the cooling system. For this reason, on later Bf 109 F, G and K models, the two coolant radiators were equipped with a cut off system. If one radiator leaked, it was possible to fly on the second or to fly for at least five minutes with both closed. In 1943, Oberfeldwebel Edmund Roßmann got lost and landed behind Soviet lines. He agreed to show the Soviets how to service the plane. Soviet machine gun technician Viktor M. Sinaisky recalled:
Armament and gondola cannons
Reflecting Messerschmitt's belief in low weight, low drag, simple monoplanes, the armament was placed in the fuselage. This kept the wings very thin and light. Two synchronized machine guns were mounted in the cowling, firing over the top of the engine and through the propeller arc. An alternative arrangement was also designed, consisting of a single autocannon firing through a blast tube between the cylinder banks of the engine, known as a Motorkanone mount in German. This was also the choice of armament layout on some contemporary monoplane fighters, such as the French Dewoitine D.520, or the American Bell P 39 Airacobra, and dated back to World War I's small run of SPAD S. XII moteur canon, 37 mm cannon armed fighters in France. When it was discovered in 1937 that the RAF was planning eight gun batteries for its new Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters, it was decided that the Bf 109 should be more heavily armed. The problem was that the only place available to mount additional guns was in the wings. Only one spot was available in each wing, between the wheel well and slats, with room for only one gun, either a 7.92 mm MG 17 machine gun, a 20 mm MG FF or a 20 mm MG FF/M cannon. The first version of the Bf 109 to have wing guns was the C 1, which had one MG 17 in each wing. To avoid redesigning the wing to accommodate large ammunition boxes and access hatches, an unusual ammunition feed was devised whereby a continuous belt holding 500 rounds was fed along chutes out to the wing tip, around a roller, and then back along the wing, forward and beneath the gun breech, to the wing root, where it coursed around another roller and back to the weapon. The gun barrel was placed in a long, large diameter tube located between the spar and the leading edge. The tube channeled cooling air around the barrel and breech, exhausting from a slot at the rear of the wing. The installation was so cramped that parts of the MG 17's breech mechanism extended into an opening created in the flap structure. The much longer and heavier MG FF had to be mounted farther along the wing in an outer bay. A large hole was cut through the spar allowing the cannon to be fitted with the ammunition feed forward of the spar, while the breech block projected rearward through the spar. A 60 round ammunition drum was placed in a space closer to the wing root causing a bulge in the underside. A small hatch was incorporated in the bulge to allow access for changing the drum. The entire weapon could be removed for servicing by removing a leading edge panel. From the 109F series onwards, guns were no longer carried inside the wings. Instead, the Bf 109F had a 20 mm gun firing through the propeller shaft. The change was disliked by leading fighter pilots such as Adolf Galland and Walter Oesau, but others such as Werner Mölders considered the single nose mounted gun to compensate well for the loss of the two wing guns. Galland had his Bf 109F 2 field modified with a 20 mm MG FF/M autocannon, the "/M" suffix indicating the capability of firing thin walled 20mm mine shells, installed internally in each wing. In place of internal wing armament, additional firepower was provided through a pair of 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons installed in conformal gun pods under the wings. The conformal gun pods, exclusive of ammunition, weighed 135 kg (298 lb); and 135 to 145 rounds were provided per gun. The total weight, including ammunition, was 215 kg. Installation of the under wing gun pods was a simple task that could be quickly performed by the unit's armourers, and the gun pods imposed a reduction of speed of only By comparison, the installed weight of a similar armament of two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon inside the wings of the Fw 190A 4/U8 was 130 kg (287 lb), without ammunition. Although the additional armament increased the fighter's potency as a bomber destroyer, it had an adverse effect on the handling qualities, reducing its performance in fighter versus fighter combat and accentuating the tendency of the fighter to swing pendulum fashion in flight. Some of the projected 109K series models, such as the K 6, were designed to carry 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannons in the wings. Designation and nicknames
Originally the aircraft was designated as Bf 109 by the RLM, since the design was submitted by the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (literally "Bavarian Aircraft Works", meaning "Bavarian Aircraft Factory"; sometimes abbreviated B. F. W., akin to BMW) during 1935. The company was renamed Messerschmitt AG after 11 July 1938 when Erhard Milch finally allowed Willy Messerschmitt to acquire the company. All Messerschmitt aircraft that originated after that date, such as the Me 210, were to carry the "Me" designation. Despite regulations by the RLM, wartime documents from Messerschmitt AG, RLM and Luftwaffe loss and strength reports continued to use both designations, sometimes even on the same page. All extant airframes bear the official "Bf 109" designation on their identification plates, including the final K 4 models. The aircraft was often referred to by the folk designation, 'Me 109', particularly by the Allies. The aircraft was often nicknamed Messer by its operators and opponents alike; the name was not only an abbreviation of the manufacturer but also the German word for "knife". In Finland, the Bf 109 was known as Mersu, although this was originally (and still is) the Finnish nickname for Mercedes Benz cars. Soviet aviators nicknamed the Bf 109 "the skinny one" (худо́й, khudoy), for its sleek appearance compared, for example, to the more robust Fw 190. The names "Anton", "Berta", "Caesar", "Dora", "Emil", "Friedrich", "Gustav", and "Kurfürst" were derived from the variant's official letter designation (e. g. Bf 109G – "Gustav"), based on the German spelling alphabet of World War II, a practice that was also used for other German aircraft designs. The G 6 variant was nicknamed by Luftwaffe personnel as Die Beule ("the bump/bulge") because of the cowling's characteristic, bulging covers for the breeches of the 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns, with the separate Beule covers eliminated by the time of the G 10 model's introduction of a subtly reshaped upper cowling. Record setting flights
In July 1937, not long after the public debut of the new fighter, three Bf 109Bs took part in the Flugmeeting airshow in Zürich under the command of Major Seidemann. They won in several categories: First prize in a speed race over a 202 km course, first prize in the class A category in the international Alpenrundflug for military aircraft, and victory in the international Patrouillenflug category. On 11 November 1937, the Bf 109 V13, D IPKY flown by Messerschmitt's chief pilot Dr. Hermann Wurster, powered by a DB 601R racing engine, set a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of , winning the title for Germany for the first time. Converted from a Bf 109D, the V13 had been fitted with a special racing DB 601R engine that could deliver for short periods. Heinkel, having had the He 112 rejected in the design competition of 1936, designed and built the He 100. On 6 June 1938, the He 100 V3, flown by Ernst Udet, captured the record with a speed of On 30 March 1939, test pilot Hans Dieterle surpassed that record, reaching with the He 100 V8. Messerschmitt, however, soon regained the lead when, on 26 April 1939, Flugkapitän Fritz Wendel, flying the Me 209 V1, set a new record of For propaganda purposes, the Me 209 V1 aircraft (possibly from its post July 1938 first flight date) was given the designation Me 109R, with the later prefix, never used for wartime Bf 109 fighters. The Me 209 V1 was powered by the DB 601ARJ, producing 1,156 kW (1,550 hp), but capable of reaching 1,715 kW (2,300 hp). This world record for a piston engined aircraft was to stand until 1969, when Darryl Greenamyer's modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, Conquest I, broke it with a record speed. Variants
When the Bf 109 was designed in 1934, by a team led by Willy Messerschmitt and Robert Lusser, its primary role was that of a high speed, short range interceptor. It used the most advanced aerodynamics of the time and embodied advanced structural design which was ahead of its contemporaries. In the early years of the war, the Bf 109 was the only single engined fighter operated by the Luftwaffe, until the appearance of the Fw 190. The Bf 109 remained in production from 1937 through 1945 in many different variants and sub variants. The primary engines used were the Daimler Benz DB 601 and DB 605, though the Junkers Jumo 210 powered most of the pre war variants. The most produced Bf 109 model was the Bf 109G series (more than a third of all 109s built were the G 6 series, 12,000 units being manufactured from March 1943 until the end of the war). The initial production models of the A, B, C and D series were powered by the relatively low powered, Junkers Jumo 210 series engines. A few prototypes of these early aircraft were converted to use the more powerful DB 600. The first redesign came with the E series, including the naval variant, the Bf 109T (T standing for Träger, carrier). The Bf 109E (Emil) introduced structural changes to accommodate the heavier and more powerful Daimler Benz DB 601 engine, heavier armament and increased fuel capacity. Partly due to its limited combat radius on internal fuel alone, resulting from its range limit, later variants of the E series had a fuselage ordnance rack for fighter bomber operations or provision for a long range, standardized drop tank and used the DB 601N engine of higher power output. The Bf 109E first saw service with the "Condor Legion" during the last phase of the Spanish Civil War and was the main variant from the beginning of World War II until mid 1941 when the Bf 109F replaced it in the pure fighter role. (Eight Bf 109Es were assembled in Switzerland in 1946 by the Dornier Werke, using licence built airframes; a ninth airframe was assembled using spare parts.) The second big redesign during 1939–40 gave birth to the F series. The Friedrich had new wings, cooling system and fuselage aerodynamics, with the DB 601N (F 1, F 2) or the DB 601E (F 3, F 4). Considered by many as the high water mark of Bf 109 development, the F series abandoned the wing cannon and concentrated all armament in the forward fuselage with a pair of synchronized machine guns above and a single 15 or 20 mm Motorkanone mount cannon behind the engine, the latter firing between the cylinder banks and through the propeller hub, itself covered by a more streamlined, half elliptical shaped spinner that better matched the streamlining of the reshaped cowling, abandoning the smaller, conical spinner of the Emil subtype. The F type also omitted the earlier stabilizer lift strut on either side of the tail. The improved aerodynamics were used by all later variants. Some Bf 109Fs were used late in the Battle of Britain in 1940 but the variant came into common use only in the first half of 1941. The G series, or Gustav, was introduced in mid 1942. Its initial variants (G 1 through G 4) differed only in minor details from the Bf 109F, most notably in the more powerful DB 605 engine. Odd numbered variants were built as high altitude fighters with a pressurized cockpit and GM 1 boost, while even numbered variants were un pressurized, air superiority fighters and fighter bombers. Long range photo reconnaissance variants also existed. The later G series (G 5 through G 14) was produced in a multitude of variants, with uprated armament and provision for kits of packaged, generally factory installed parts known as Umrüst Bausätze (usually contracted to Umbau) and adding a "/U" suffix to the aircraft designation when installed. Field kits known as Rüstsätze were also available for the G series but those did not change the aircraft title. By early 1944, tactical requirements resulted in the addition of MW 50 water injection boost and high performance superchargers, boosting engine output to From early 1944, some G 2s, G 3s, G 4s and G 6s were converted to two seat trainers, known as G 12s. An instructor's cockpit was added behind the original cockpit and both were covered by an elongated, glazed canopy. The final production version of the Bf 109 was the K series or Kurfürst, introduced in late 1944, powered by the DB 605D engine with up to Though externally akin to the late production Bf 109G series, a large number of internal changes and aerodynamic improvements were incorporated that improved its effectiveness and remedied flaws, keeping it competitive with the latest Allied and Soviet fighters. The Bf 109's outstanding rate of climb was superior to many Allied adversaries including the P 51D Mustang, Spitfire Mk. XIV and Hawker Tempest Mk. V.
After the war, the 109 was built in Czechoslovakia, as the Avia S 99 and Avia S 199 (with twenty five S 199s serving with Israel in 1948) and in Spain as the Hispano Aviación Ha 1109 and Ha 1112. Production
Total Bf 109 production was 33,984 units; where the average prisoner's life expectancy was six months. In order to make the new production facilities bomb proof, other prisoners were forced to build tunnels so that production could be relocated underground. Many died while performing this hazardous duty. By mid 1944, more than a third of the production at the Regensburg factory originated in Flossenbürg and Gusen alone; only the final assembly was done in Regensburg. Factory, location Up to 1939 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945* Totals* Messerschmitt GmbH, Regensburg 203 486 2,164 6,329 1,241 10,423 Arado, Warnemünde 370 370 Erla Maschinenwerk,Leipzig 683 875 2,015 4,472 1,018 9,063 Gerhard Fieseler Werke, Kassel 155 155 W. N. F., Wiener Neustadt 836 1,297 2,200 3,081 541 7,955 Győri Vagon és Gépgyár, Győr 4 220 399 10 633 AGO, Oschersleben(switched to Fw 190A production) 381 381 Totals 1,860 1,540 1,868 2,628 2,662 6,609 14,281 2,800 34,248
* Production up to end of March 1945 only. Variant Number Years produced Bf 109A 22 1937 1938 Bf 109B 341 1937 1938 Bf 109C 58 1938 spring 1938 late Bf 109D 647 1938 1939 Bf 109E 1 1,183 1938 late 1940 Bf 109E 3 1,276 1939 1940 Bf 109E 4 561 1939 1940 Bf 109E 5 19 1939 1940 Bf 109E 7 438 1940 August 1941 Bf 109F 1 208 1940 July 1941 January Bf 109F 2 1,384 1940 October 1941 August Bf 109F 3 15 1940 October 1941 January Bf 109F 4 1,841 1941 May 1942 May Bf 109F 5 1 1940 October Bf 109G 1 167 1942 February June Bf 109G 2 1,587 1942 May 1943 February Bf 109G 3 50 1943 January Bf 109G 4 1,246 1942 September 1943 May Bf 109G 5 475 1943 February 1944 June Bf 109G 5/AS 16 converted 1944 April 1944 June Bf 109G 6 ~5000+ 1943 February 1943 August October Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood ~2000+ 1943 August Sept 1944 March Bf 109G 6 with Erla Hood, larger tail, and MW 50 ~5,000+ 1944 January 1944 Sept Bf 109G 6/AS with MW 50 226 produced + 460 converted 1944 April 1944 August Bf 109G 8 906 1943 August 1945 February Bf 109G 10 2,600+ 1944 September 1945 March Bf 109G 10/AS 100 1944 September 1944 November Bf 109G 12 500 planned/converted 1943 December 1944 July Bf 109G 14 5,500+ 1944 July 1945 February Bf 109G 14/AS ~1,373+ 1944 July 1945 March Bf 109K 4 1,700+ 1944 August 1945 March Bf 109K 6 1 prototype 1944 Autumn Totals 36,901 with conversions
Пайдалану тарихы
Бірінші Bf 109A Испания азамат соғысында қызмет етті. 1939 жылдың қыркүйегіне қарай Bf 109 Люфтваффедің негізгі истребителіне айналып, екі қанатты истребительдерді ығыстырды және соғыстың басында Вермахтқа әуеде басымдыққа қол жеткізуде маңызды рөл атқарды. Ұлыбритания шайқасы кезінде ол эскорттық истребитель ретінде пайдаланылды, бұл рөлге ол бастапқыда дайындалмаған еді, сонымен қатар фотобарлау платформасы және шабуылдаушы ұшақ ретінде де кеңінен қолданылды. Ұлыбританиядағы нәтижелер әр түрлі болғанымен, 1941 жылдың басында жақсартылған Bf 109F енгізілгеннен кейін, ол Югославияға шабуыл кезінде (екі тарап та оны қолданды), Крит шайқасында, Барбаросса операциясында (КСРО-ға шабуыл) және Мальта қоршауында тиімді истребитель болып танылды. 1942 жылы Батыс Еуропада оның орнын Focke Wulf Fw 190 жаңа неміс истребителі жартылай алмастыра бастады, бірақ ол Шығыс майданында, Рейхті қорғауда, Жерорта теңізіндегі операциялар аймағында және Эрвин Роммельдің Африка корпусында көптеген рөлдерде қызмет етуін жалғастырды. Ол сондай-ақ Германияның одақтастарына, атап айтқанда Италияға, Финляндияға, Венгрияға, Румынияға, Болгарияға, Хорватияға және Словакияға жеткізілді. Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыста Bf 109 басқа кез келген ұшақтан көбірек жау ұшағын жойды. Көптеген әуе жеңістері 1941 жылы Барбаросса операциясы кезінде нашар даярланған және ұйымдастырылмаған совет әскерлеріне қарсы жеңіске жетті. Сол кезде совет әскерлері шамамен 21 200 ұшақты жоғалтты, оның жартысы жауынгерлік қимылдардағы жойылды. Атып түсірілген жағдайда, Люфтваффе ұшқыштары достық аумаққа қонуға немесе парашютпен секіріп, қайтадан соғысқа қатысуға мүмкіндік алатын. Соғыстың соңына қарай, одақтастардың жеңістері шайқасты жақындатқанда және неміс аумағында бомбалау шабуылдары көбейгенде, Люфтваффе үшін көптеген нысаналар пайда болды. Бұл оқиғалардың бірегей үйлесімі – 1944 жылдың басында американдық истребитель тактикасындағы үлкен өзгеріске дейін, одақтастарға Рейх үстінен күндізгі әуе басымдығын берген – ең жоғары жеке ұшқыш жеңістеріне әкелді. Жүз бес Bf 109 ұшқышы әрқайсысы 100 немесе одан да көп жау ұшағын жойғаны расталды. Олардың 13-і 200-ден астам ұшақты жойды, ал екеуі 300-ден астамды жойды. Бұл ұшқыштар тобының барлығына шамамен 15 000 жау ұшағын жойғаны есептелді. Люфтваффеде ресми «ас» статусы болмаса да, тәжірибелі ұшқыштарды белгілеу үшін «Эксперт» термині қолданылды, оның жойған ұшақтарының санына қарамастан, одақтастардың бес немесе одан көп ұшақты жойған ұшқыштардың анықтамасын қолдана отырып, екінші дүниежүзілік соғыста 2 500-ден астам Люфтваффе ұшқышы «ас» деп саналды. Кеңес әскерлеріне қарсы фин ұшқыштары басқарған Bf 109G ұшақтары 25:1 жеңіс көрсеткішін иеленді. Bf 109 ұшақтары Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстан кейін де көп жылдар бойы шетелде қызмет етті. Bf109 Израиль әуе күштері құрылған алғашқы жылдары қолданылған алғашқы ұшақ болды. Швейцариялықтар Bf 109G ұшақтарын 1950 жылдарға дейін пайдаланды. Фин әуе күштері Bf 109G ұшақтарын 1954 жылдың наурызына дейін пайдалануын тоқтатты. Румыния өз Bf 109 ұшақтарын 1955 жылға дейін қолданды. Испандықтар одан да ұзақ пайдаланды. Кейбіреулері 1960 жылдардың соңына дейін қызметте болды. Олар фильмдерде (әсіресе «Ұлыбритания шайқасы») Bf 109E рөлін ойнады. Кейбір Hispano ұшақтары музейлерге сатылды, олар оларды Bf 109 ретінде қайта құрады.
The first Bf 109As served in the Spanish Civil War. By September 1939, the Bf 109 had become the main fighter of the Luftwaffe, replacing the biplane fighters, and was instrumental in gaining air superiority for the Wehrmacht during the early stages of the war. During the Battle of Britain, it was pressed into the role of escort fighter, a role for which it was not originally designed, and it was widely employed as a fighter bomber, as well as a photo reconnaissance platform. Despite mixed results over Britain, with the introduction of the improved Bf 109F in early 1941, the type again proved to be an effective fighter during the Invasion of Yugoslavia (where it was used by both sides), the Battle of Crete, Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the USSR) and the Siege of Malta. In 1942, it began to be partially replaced in Western Europe by a new German fighter, the Focke Wulf Fw 190, but it continued to serve in a multitude of roles on the Eastern Front and in the Defense of the Reich, as well as in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations and with Erwin Rommel's Afrikakorps. It was also supplied to several of Germany's allies, including Italy, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia. More aerial kills were made with the Bf 109 than any other aircraft of World War II. Many of the aerial victories were accomplished against poorly trained and badly organized Soviet forces in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa. The Soviets lost 21,200 aircraft at this time, about half to combat. If shot down, the Luftwaffe pilots might land or parachute to friendly territory and return to fight again. Later in the war, when Allied victories began to bring the fight closer, and then in German territory, bombing raids supplied plenty of targets for the Luftwaffe. This unique combination of events — until a major change in American fighter tactics occurred very early in 1944, that steadily gave the Allies daylight air supremacy over the Reich — led to the highest ever individual pilot victory scores. One hundred and five Bf 109 pilots were each credited with the destruction of 100 or more enemy aircraft. Thirteen of these men scored more than 200 kills, while two scored more than 300. Altogether, this group of pilots was credited with a total of nearly 15,000 kills. Though no official "ace" status existed in the Luftwaffe the term Experte (expert) was used for an experienced pilot irrespective of his number of kills using the Allied definition of pilots who scored five or more kills, more than 2,500 Luftwaffe fighter pilots were considered aces in World War II. Against the Soviets, Finnish flown Bf 109Gs claimed a victory ratio of 25:1. Bf 109s remained in foreign service for many years after World War II. The Bf109 was the first aircraft deployed in the first years of the Israeli Air Force. The Swiss used their Bf 109Gs well into the 1950s. The Finnish Air Force did not retire their Bf 109Gs until March 1954. Romania used its Bf 109s until 1955. The Spanish Hispanos flew even longer. Some were still in service in the late 1960s. They appeared in films (notably Battle of Britain) playing the role of Bf 109Es. Some Hispano airframes were sold to museums, which rebuilt them as Bf 109s.