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Grammatical mood

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request. The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person. They are sometimes called directives, as they include a feature that encodes directive force, and another feature that encodes modality of unrealized interpretation. An example of a verb used in the imperative mood is the English phrase "Go." Such imperatives imply a second person subject (you), but some other languages also have first and third person imperatives, with the meaning of "let's (do something)" or "let them (do something)" (the forms may alternatively be called cohortative and jussive). Imperative mood can be denoted by the glossing abbreviation It is one of the irrealis moods.

Imperative mood is often expressed using special conjugated verb forms. Like other finite verb forms, imperatives often inflect for person and number. Second person imperatives (used for ordering or requesting performance directly from the person being addressed) are most common, but some languages also have imperative forms for the first and third persons (alternatively called cohortative and jussive respectively). In English, the imperative is formed using the bare infinitive form of the verb (see English verbs for more details). This is usually also the same as the second person present indicative form, except in the case of the verb to be, where the imperative is be while the indicative is are. (The present subjunctive always has the same form as the imperative, although it is negated differently – the imperative is negated using do not, as in "Don't touch me! "; see do support. Occasionally do is not used: Dare not touch me!) The imperative form is understood as being in the second person (the subject pronoun you is usually omitted, although it can be included for emphasis), with no explicit indication of singular or plural. First and third person imperatives are expressed periphrastically, using a construction with the imperative of the verb let:
Let me (Let's) see. (internal monologue equivalent to a first person singular imperative)
Let us (Let's) go. (equivalent to a first person plural imperative)
Let us be heard. (royal we in an equivalent to a first person passive imperative; also constructions like "We are to be heard")
Let him/her/it/them run. (equivalent to a third person imperative; constructions with may are also used)
Let him/her/it/them be counted. (equivalent to a third person passive imperative)

Other languages such as Latin, French and German have a greater variety of inflected imperative forms, marked for person and number, their formation often depending on a verb's conjugation pattern. Examples can be found in the specific language sections below. In languages that make a T–V distinction (tu vs. vous, du vs. Sie, tu vs. você, tú vs. usted, etc.) the use of particular forms of the second person imperative may also be dependent on the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the addressee, as with other verb forms. The second person singular imperative often consists of just the stem of the verb, without any ending – this is the case in the Slavic languages, for example. For example, Te Reo Māori has the imperative me, which in addition to being put in front of sentences to command (e. g. Me horoi ō ringaringa; "(you must) wash your hands"), is used to assert the imperative mood in sentences that would be translated as "let's (let us)" in English. An example of this is Me haere tāua, which translates to "let us (you and me) go", but the "us" component goes last.

Imperative sentences sometimes use different syntax than declarative or other types of clauses. There may also be differences of syntax between affirmative and negative imperative sentences. In some cases the imperative form of the verb is itself different when negated. A distinct negative imperative form is sometimes said to be in prohibitive or vetative mood (abbreviated ). Negative imperatives tell the subject to not do something. They usually begin with the verb "don't" or the negative form of a verb. e. g., example, "Don't be like that." Many languages, even not normally null subject languages, omit the subject pronoun in imperative sentences, as usually occurs in English (see below). Details of the syntax of imperative sentences in certain other languages, and of differences between affirmative and negative imperatives, can be found in some of the other specific language sections below. In writing, imperative phrases and sentences may terminate in an exclamation mark (! ).

For more details on imperatives in the languages listed below, and in languages that are not listed, see the articles on the grammar of the specific languages.

Irish has imperative forms in all three persons and both numbers, although the first person singular is most commonly found in the negative (e. g. ná cloisim sin arís "let me not hear that again").

In Sanskrit, is used with the verb to form the imperative mood. To form the negative, or (when the verb is in passive or active voice respectively) is placed before the verb in the imperative mood.

Standard modern Bengali uses the negative postposition /nā/ after a future imperative formed using the iyo fusional suffix (in addition, umlaut vowel changes in the verb root might take place).

The commanding form in Russian language is formed from the base of the present tense. The most common form of the second person singular or plural. The form of the second person singular in the imperative mood is formed as follows:
A verb with a present stem ending in – j – the form of the second person singular of the imperative mood is equal to the base: читаj у — читай, убираj у — убирай, открываj у — открывай, поj у — пой.