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Military rocket launch site in Florida

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida. Headquartered at the nearby Patrick Space Force Base, the station is the primary launch site for the Space Force's Eastern Range with three launch pads currently active (Space Launch Complexes 37B, 40, and 41). The facility is south southeast of NASA's Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island, with the two linked by bridges and causeways. The Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip provides a 10000 feet (3048 m) runway close to the launch complexes for military airlift aircraft delivering heavy and outsized payloads to the Cape. A number of American space exploration pioneers were launched from CCSFS, including the first U. S. Earth satellite (1958), first U. S. astronaut (1961), first U. S. astronaut in orbit (1962), first two man U. S. spacecraft (1965), first U. S. uncrewed lunar landing (1966), and first three man U. S. spacecraft (1968). It was also the launch site for all of the first spacecraft to (separately) fly past each of the planets in the Solar System (1962–1977), the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971) and roam its surface (1996), the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978), the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004), and to orbit Mercury (2011), and the first spacecraft to leave the Solar System (1977). Portions of the base have been designated a National Historic Landmark for their association with the early years of the American space program. Cape Canaveral was known as Cape Canaveral Launch Area upon its foundation in 1949, but renamed to LRPG Launching Area in 1950. It was known as Cape Canaveral Auxiliary Air Force Base from 1951 to 1955, and Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex from 1955 to 1964. The facility was later known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station from 1964 to 1974, and as Cape Canaveral Air Force Station from 1974 to 1994 and from 2000 to 2020, taking the designation Cape Canaveral Air Station from 1994 to 2000. The facility was renamed "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station" in December 2020.

The CCSFS area had been used by the United States government to test missiles since 1949, when President Harry S. Truman established the Joint Long Range Proving Ground at Cape Canaveral. The location was among the best in the continental United States for this purpose, as it allowed for launches out over the Atlantic Ocean, and is closer to the equator than most other parts of the United States, allowing rockets to get a boost from the Earth's rotation.

On June 1, 1948, the United States Navy transferred the former Banana River Naval Air Station to the United States Air Force, with the Air Force renaming the facility the Joint Long Range Proving Ground (JLRPG) Base on June 10, 1949. On October 1, 1949, the Joint Long Range Proving Ground Base was transferred from the Air Materiel Command to the Air Force Division of the Joint Long Range Proving Ground. On May 17, 1950, the base was renamed the Long Range Proving Ground Base but three months later was renamed Patrick Air Force Base, in honor of Army Maj Gen Mason Patrick. In 1951, the Air Force established the Air Force Missile Test Center. Early American sub orbital rocket flights were achieved at Cape Canaveral in 1956. These flights occurred shortly after sub orbital flights launched from White Sands Missile Range, such as the Viking 12 sounding rocket on February 4, 1955. Following the Soviet Union's successful Sputnik 1 (launched on October 4, 1957), the United States attempted its first launch of an artificial satellite from Cape Canaveral on December 6, 1957. However, the rocket carrying Vanguard TV3 exploded on the launch pad. NASA was founded in 1958, and Air Force crews launched missiles for NASA from the Cape, known then as Cape Canaveral Missile Annex. Redstone, Jupiter, Pershing 1, Pershing 1a, Pershing II, Polaris, Thor, Atlas, Titan and Minuteman missiles were all tested from the site, the Thor becoming the basis for the expendable launch vehicle (ELV) Delta rocket, which launched Telstar 1 in July 1962. The row of Titan (LC 15, 16, 19, 20) and Atlas (LC 11, 12, 13, 14) launch pads along the coast came to be known as Missile Row in the 1960s.

NASA's first crewed spaceflight program was prepared for launch from Canaveral by U. S. Air Force crews. Mercury's objectives were to place a crewed spacecraft into Earth's orbit, investigate human performance and ability to function in space, and safely recover the astronaut and spacecraft. Suborbital flights were launched by derivatives of the Army's Redstone missile from LC 5; two such flights were manned by Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961, and Gus Grissom on July 21. Orbital flights were launched by derivatives of the Air Force's larger Atlas D missile from LC 14. The first American in orbit was John Glenn on February 20, 1962. Three more orbital flights followed through May 1963. Flight control for all Mercury missions was provided at the Mercury Control Center located at Canaveral near LC 14.

On November 29, 1963, following the death of President John F. Kennedy, his successor Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11129 renaming both NASA's Merritt Island Launch Operations Center and "the facilities of Station No. 1 of the Atlantic Missile Range" (a reference to the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex) as the "John F. Kennedy Space Center". He had also convinced Governor C. Farris Bryant (D Fla.) to change the name of Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy. This resulted in some confusion in public perception, which conflated the two. NASA Administrator James E. Webb clarified this by issuing a directive stating the Kennedy Space Center name applied only to Merritt Island, while the Air Force issued a general order renaming the Air Force launch site Cape Kennedy Air Force Station. This name was used through the Project Gemini and early Apollo program. However, the geographical name change proved to be unpopular, owing to the historical longevity of Cape Canaveral (one of the oldest place names in the United States, dating to the early 1500s). In 1973 and 1974 respectively, both the geographical and the Air Force Station Cape names were reverted to Canaveral after the Florida legislature passed a bill changing the name back that was signed into law by Florida governor Reubin Askew (D Fla.). On August 7, 2020, U. S. military contracts referred to the installation as Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. The installation was formally renamed on 9 December 2020. The Apollo program's goal of landing a man on the Moon required development of the Saturn family of rockets. The large Saturn V rocket necessary to take men to the Moon required a larger launch facility than Cape Canaveral could provide, so NASA built the Kennedy Space Center located west and north of Canaveral on Merritt Island. But the earlier Saturn I and IB could be launched from the Cape's Launch Complexes 34 and 37. The first four Saturn I development launches were made from LC 34 between October 27, 1961, and March 28, 1963. These were followed by the final test launch and five operational launches from LC 37 between January 29, 1964, and July 30, 1965. The Saturn IB uprated the capability of the Saturn I, so that it could be used for Earth orbital tests of the Apollo spacecraft. Two uncrewed test launches of the Apollo command and service module (CSM), AS 201 and AS 202, were made from LC 34, and an uncrewed flight (AS 203) to test the behavior of upper stage liquid hydrogen fuel in orbit from LC 37, between February 26 and August 25, 1966. The first crewed CSM flight, AS 204 or Apollo 1, was planned to launch from LC 34 on February 21, 1967, but the entire crew of Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee were killed in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on pad 34 on January 27, 1967. The AS 204 rocket was used to launch the uncrewed, Earth orbital first test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module, Apollo 5, from LC 37 on January 22, 1968. After significant safety improvements were made to the Command Module, Apollo 7 was launched from LC 34 to fulfill Apollo 1's mission, using Saturn IB AS 205 on October 11, 1968. In 1972, NASA deactivated both LC 34 and LC 37. It briefly considered reactivating both for Apollo Applications Program launches after the end of Apollo, but instead modified the Kennedy Space Center launch complex to handle the Saturn IB for the Skylab and Apollo Soyuz Test Project launches. The LC 34 service structure and umbilical tower were razed, leaving only the concrete launch pedestal as a monument to the Apollo 1 crew. In 2001, LC 37 was recommissioned and converted to service Delta IV launch vehicles.

The Air Force chose to expand the capabilities of the Titan launch vehicles for its heavy lift capabilities. The Air Force constructed Launch Complexes 40 and 41 to launch Titan III and Titan IV rockets just south of Kennedy Space Center. A Titan III has about the same payload capacity as the Saturn IB at a considerable cost savings. Launch Complex 40 and 41 have been used to launch defense reconnaissance, communications and weather satellites and NASA planetary missions. The Air Force also planned to launch two Air Force crewed space projects from LC 40 and 41. They were the Dyna Soar, a crewed orbital rocket plane (canceled in 1963) and the USAF Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL), a crewed reconnaissance space station (canceled in 1969). From 1974 to 1977 the powerful Titan Centaur became the new heavy lift vehicle for NASA, launching the Viking and Voyager series of spacecraft from Launch Complex 41. Complex 41 later became the launch site for the most powerful uncrewed U. S. rocket, the Titan IV, developed by the Air Force. With increased use of a leased launch pad by private company SpaceX, the Air Force launch support operations at the Cape planned for 21 launches in 2014, a fifty percent increase over the 2013 launch rate. SpaceX had reservations for a total of ten of those launches in 2014, with an option for an eleventh.

The first United States satellite launch, Explorer 1, was made by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency on February 1, 1958 (UTC) from Canaveral's LC 26A using a Juno I RS 29 missile. NASA's first launch, Pioneer 1, came on October 11 of the same year from LC 17A using a Thor Able rocket. Besides Project Gemini, the Atlas Agena launch complexes LC 12 and LC 13 were used during the 1960s for the uncrewed Ranger and Lunar Orbiter programs and the first five Mariner interplanetary probes. The Atlas Centaur launch complex LC 36 was used for the 1960s Surveyor uncrewed lunar landing program and the last five Mariner probes through 1973. NASA has also launched communications and weather satellites from Launch Complexes 40 and 41, built at the north end of the Cape in 1964 by the Air Force for its Titan IIIC and Titan IV rockets. From 1974 to 1977 the powerful Titan IIIE served as the heavy lift vehicle for NASA, launching the Viking and Voyager series of planetary spacecraft and the Cassini–Huygens Saturn probe from LC 41. Three Cape Canaveral pads are currently operated by private industry for military and civilian launches: SLC 41 for the Atlas V and SLC 37B for the Delta IV, both for United Launch Alliance heavy payloads; and SLC 40 for SpaceX Falcon 9.

The Boeing X 37B, a reusable uncrewed spacecraft operated by USSF, which is also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), has been successfully launched four times from Cape Canaveral. The first four X 37B missions have been launched with Atlas V rockets. Past launch dates for the X 37B spaceplane include April 22, 2010, March 5, 2011, December 11, 2012, and May 20, 2015. The fourth X 37B mission landed at the Kennedy Space Center on May 7, 2017, after 718 days in orbit. The first three X 37B missions all made successful autonomous landings from space to a runway located at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California which was originally designed for Space Shuttle return from orbit operations.

Of the launch complexes built since 1950, several have been leased and modified for use by private aerospace companies. Launch Complex SLC 17 was used for the Delta II Heavy variant, through 2011. Launch Complexes SLC 37 and SLC 41 were modified to launch EELV Delta IV and Atlas V launch vehicles, respectively. These launch vehicles replaced all earlier Delta, Atlas, and Titan rockets. Launch Complex SLC 47 is used to launch weather sounding rockets. Launch Complex SLC 46 is reserved for use by Space Florida. SLC 40 hosted the first launch of the SpaceX Falcon 9 in June 2010. Falcon 9 launches continued from this complex through 2015, consisting of uncrewed Commercial Resupply Services missions for NASA to the International Space Station as well as commercial satellite flights. SpaceX has also leased Launch Complex 39A from NASA and has completed modifying it to accommodate Falcon Heavy and Commercial Crew crewed spaceflights to the ISS with their Crew Dragon spacecraft in 2019. SpaceX Landing Zone 1 and 2, used to land first stages of the Falcon 9 and the side boosters of the Falcon Heavy, are located at the site of the former LC 13. On September 16, 2015, NASA announced that Blue Origin has leased Launch Complex 36 and will modify it as a launch site for their next generation launch vehicles. In the case of low inclination (geostationary) launches the location of the area at 28°27'N put it at a slight disadvantage against other launch facilities situated nearer the equator. The boost eastward from the Earth's rotation is about at Cape Canaveral, but at the European Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. In the case of high inclination (polar) launches, the latitude does not matter, but the Cape Canaveral area is not suitable, because inhabited areas underlie these trajectories; Vandenberg Space Force Base, Cape Canaveral's West Coast counterpart, or the smaller Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska (PSCA) are used instead. The Air Force Space and Missile Museum is located at LC 26. Hangar AE, located in the CCAFS Industrial Area, collects telemetry from launches all over the United States. NASA's Launch Services Program has three Launch Vehicle Data Centers (LVDC) within that display telemetry real time for engineers.

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip is a military airport at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS), northeast of Cocoa Beach, Florida. It has an asphalt paved runway designated 13/31 and measuring The facility is owned by the United States Space Force (USSF). This airport is assigned a three letter location identifier of XMR by the Federal Aviation Administration, but it does not have an International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code. The runway was first called the Skid Strip because SM 62 Snark cruise missiles (which lacked wheels) returning from test flights were supposed to skid to a halt on it. In the 1960s the Douglas C 133 Cargomaster was a frequent visitor, carrying modified Atlas and Titan missiles, used as launch vehicles for crewed and uncrewed space programs leading to the Apollo Moon landings. The Skid Strip was used by NASA's Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy transport aircraft carrying the S IVB upper stage for the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets used in Apollo program. Today, it is predominantly used by USAF C 130 Hercules, C 17 Globemaster III and C 5 Galaxy aircraft transporting satellite payloads to CCSFS for mating with launch vehicles. The CCSFS Skid Strip is sometimes confused with the NASA Shuttle Landing Facility, but that runway, specially constructed for the Space Shuttle, is located on Merritt Island at the adjacent Kennedy Space Center.

A tenant command located at Cape Canaveral SFS is the U. S. Navy's Naval Ordnance Test Unit (NOTU). As a major shore command led by a Navy captain, NOTU was created in 1950 and initially directed almost all of its efforts towards the development and subsequent support of the submarine launched Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) program. This resulted in NOTU being assigned to the Director, Special Projects (now Strategic Systems Programs) with a mission to support the development of the Polaris missile and later the Poseidon missile programs. NOTU's mission is the support and testing of sea based weapons systems for the United States Navy and the Royal Navy in a safe environment utilizing the airspace and waterspace of the Eastern Range. The command directly supports the mission capability and readiness of the United States Navy's Trident Submarines as well as the Fleet Ballistic Missile program of the United Kingdom. NOTU operates the Navy Port at Port Canaveral, supporting submarines and surface ships of the U. S. Atlantic Fleet, NATO, Allied and other foreign navies, and assets of the Military Sealift Command. NOTU is composed of over 100 active duty U. S. Navy personnel and over 70 defense contractors.

Listed below in this article are less notable launch complexes at the Cape. For a complete list of all launch complexes, see the below table.

Launch Complex 1 (LC 1) is located on the eastern tip of Cape Canaveral. It was constructed in the early 1950s for the Snark missile program. The first launch from this site was conducted on January 13, 1955. The complex was used for Snark missions until 1960, and then was utilized as a helicopter pad during Project Mercury. The final use of the site was from 1983 to 1989 for tethered aerostat balloon radar missions. It is now deactivated.

Launch Complex 2 (LC 2) is a deactivated launch site on the eastern tip of Cape Canaveral. It was constructed with launch complexes 1, 3, and 4, in the early 1950s, for the Snark missile program. The first launch from this site was a Snark test conducted on February 18, 1954. The complex was used for Snark missions until 1960, and then was utilized as a helicopter pad during Project Mercury. The final use of the site was during the 1980s for tethered aerostat balloon radar missions.

Launch Complex 3 (LC 3) is a deactivated launch site southeast of SLC 36 at Cape Canaveral. It was constructed, with launch complexes 1, 2, and 4, in the early 1950s for the Snark missile program.

Launch Complex 9 (LC 9) is a small concrete structure consisting of an elevated launch pedestal and flame trench, centered on a small oval shaped concrete pad It is north of Launch Complex 17. It was used for ten test launches of SM 64 Navaho supersonic nuclear armed cruise missiles. In addition to LC 9, Navaho tests were also conducted at LC 10 and Edwards Air Force Base. The Navaho was cancelled after poor performance in testing: eight of the eleven test launches of the final prototype failed. All of the failed launches were conducted from LC 9.

as of 2023, the concrete launch structure is still standing, but is not maintained; and the launch support equipment has been removed. The site is not accessible to the general public.

Launch Complex 10 (LC 10) was used for one SM 64 Navaho missile launch, and later Jason sounding rockets and the Alpha Draco research missile. It was located north of Launch Complex 17, where Launch Complexes 31 and 32 are now located. A single Navaho missile was test launched from LC 10, on 12 August 1957, and was one of only three Navahos to complete a successful flight. Following the cancellation of the Navaho, LC 10 was reused for launches of Jason and Draco sounding rockets during 1958 and 1959. The last launch to use the site was of a Draco on 27 April 1959. LC 10 was subsequently demolished during the construction of Launch Complexes 31 and 32, which were built on the same site.

Launch Complex 15 (LC 15) was used by LGM 25 Titan missiles between 1959 and 1964. It was originally built for conducting test flights of the Titan I, which made its maiden flight from LC 15 on 6 February 1959. LC 15 is the southernmost of the four original Titan launch complexes on Missile Row. The last of ten Titan I launches from LC 15 occurred in September 1960. Following this, it was converted for use by the Titan II, which made the first of 16 flights from the complex in June 1962. The last launch from LC 15 occurred on 9 April 1964. Following the last launch, LC 15 remained active until its retirement from service. Much of the complex, including the tower, launch stand and erector was demolished in June 1967. The blockhouse, cable tunnel, and parts of the launch table and ramp were abandoned in place, and were all still standing until the demolition of the blockhouse in 2011. On March 7, 2023, the Space Force allocated the complex, which was renamed SLC 15, to ABL Space Systems. ABL plans to build a launch installation for their RS1 small class launch vehicle.

Launch Complex 16 (LC 16) was built for use by LGM 25 Titan missiles, and was later used for NASA operations before being transferred back to the US military and used for tests of MGM 31 Pershing missiles. Six Titan I missiles were launched from the complex between December 1959 and May 1960. These were followed by seven Titan II missiles, starting with the type's maiden flight on March 16, 1962. The last Titan II launch from LC 16 was conducted on May 29, 1963. Following the end of its involvement with the Titan missile, LC 16 was transferred to NASA, which used it for Gemini crew processing, and static firing tests of the Apollo Service Module's propulsion engine. Following its return to the US Air Force in 1972, it was converted for use by the Pershing missile, which made its first flight from the complex on May 7, 1974. Seventy nine Pershing 1a and 49 Pershing II missiles were launched from LC 16. The last Pershing launch from the facility was conducted on March 21, 1988. It was deactivated the next day and subsequently decommissioned under the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. It was announced on January 17, 2019, that Relativity Space had entered a 5 year agreement to use LC 16 for its Terran 1 orbital launch vehicle and eventually its Terran R. The maiden flight of the Terran 1 launch vehicle took place on 23 March 2023 and resulted in a failure. The maiden flight of Terran 1 was the first orbital launch attempt from Launch Complex 16 (141 suborbital launches before the Terran 1).

Launch Complex 25 (LC 25) was a four pad site built for test flights of the US Navy's submarine launched ballistic missiles Polaris, Poseidon and Trident It was active from 1958 to 1979. Pads 25A and 25B were built in 1957. Pad 25B was initially built with an underground launch mechanism known as a ship motion simulator to simulate the roll and pitch of a submarine. It was first used August 14, 1959 and was mothballed in October 1961.

Launch Complex 26 (LC 26) consisted of two pads, A and B. Pad A was used for the Jupiter C and Juno I rockets, and was the launch site for Explorer 1, the United States' first satellite, on February 1, 1958 (January 31 local time). Pad B was used for Juno II. Jupiter IRBMs were launched from both pads. It was deacticated and is now the home of the Air Force Space and Missile Museum.

Launch Complex 29 (LC 29) was a one pad launch site at Cape Canaveral built for test flights of the US Navy's submarine launched Polaris ballistic missiles from 1958 to 1980. It also launched Chevaline missiles, which were British Polaris A 3 missiles. The complex was designed to contain two launch pads, 29A and 29B, but only 29A was built. The launch complex was dismantled in 1980. In November 2012, ground was broken for a new $185 million Navy missile test facility to be built over the underground structures at LC 25 and LC 29 called the Strategic Weapons System Ashore. The facility will allow the testing of fire control, launch systems and navigation for submarine fired missiles to be conducted at one facility instead of being done by contractors in different locations around the country. associated with the shuttle Starlab mission. Several Titan I rockets and four or five Titan III rockets were launched from SLC 20. SLC 20 was deactivated in 1996. In 1999, the site was re activated to support new launch facilities under the direction of Space Florida for commercial launches. The re activation included upgrades to Launch Pad A and the construction of a new building along the perimeter road, northeast of the blockhouse. In 2006, the site was being used by NASA's Advanced Technology Development Center (ATDC), a research and development project to provide infrastructure to test, demonstrate and qualify new spaceport technologies. The site was shared with the Florida Air National Guard. In February 2019, Space Florida leased the site to Firefly Aerospace so that Firefly could launch small lift launch vehicles from the Florida Space Coast launch location on easterly launch azimuths. Firefly plans to develop both manufacturing facilities at a nearby Space Florida business park as well as the launch site. Firefly has a similar lease arrangement, this one from the US government, on the US West Coast at Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 2 for a launch facility that has overwater launch azimuths for high inclination and polar orbital trajectories.

Units marked GSU are Air Force Geographically Separate Units which, although based at Cape Canaveral SFS, are subordinate to Space Launch Delta 45 headquarters at Patrick SFB.