Эдисонның Алмазды Дискісі: 1912-1929 жылдардағы фонограф жазбалары

Type of phonograph record produced by Edison Inc. from 1912 to 1929

The Edison Diamond Disc Record is a type of phonograph record marketed by Thomas A. Edison, Inc. on their Edison Record label from 1912 to 1929. They were named Diamond Discs because the matching Edison Disc Phonograph was fitted with a permanent conical diamond stylus for playing them. Diamond Discs were incompatible with lateral groove disc record players, e. g. the Victor Victrola, the disposable steel needles of which would damage them while extracting hardly any sound. Uniquely, they are just under 1/4 in thick. Edison had previously made only phonograph cylinders but decided to add a disc format to the product line because of the increasingly dominant market share of the shellac disc records (later called 78s because of their typical rotational speed in revolutions per minute) made by competitors such as the Victor Talking Machine Company. Victor and most other makers recorded and played sound by a lateral or side to side motion of the stylus in the record groove, while in the Edison system the motion was vertical or up and down, known as vertical recording, as used for cylinder records. An Edison Disc Phonograph is distinguished by the diaphragm of the reproducer being parallel to the surface of the record. The diaphragm of a reproducer used for playing lateral records is at a right angle to the surface. In the late summer and early fall of 1929 Edison also briefly produced a high quality series of thin electrically recorded lateral cut "Needle Type" disc records for use on standard record players.

The record industry began in 1889 with some very small scale production of professionally recorded wax cylinder records. At first, costly wet cell powered, electric motor driven machines were needed to play them, and the customer base consisted solely of entrepreneurs with money making nickel in the slot phonographs in arcades, taverns, and other public places. Soon, some affluent individuals who could afford expensive toys were customers, too. By the late 1890s, relatively inexpensive spring motor driven phonographs were available and becoming a fixture in middle class homes. The record industry boomed. At the same time, the Berliner Gramophone Company was marketing the first crude disc records, which were simpler and cheaper to manufacture, less bulky to store, much less fragile, and could play louder than contemporary wax cylinders, although they were of markedly inferior sound quality. Their quality was soon greatly improved, and by about 1910 the cylinder was clearly losing this early format war. In 1912, Thomas Edison, who had previously made only cylinders, entered the disc market with his Diamond Disc Phonograph system, which was incompatible with other makers' disc records and players.

Like cylinder records, the sound in a Diamond Disc's groove was recorded by the vertical method, as variations in the depth of the groove cut. At that time, with the notable exception of Pathé Records, which used yet another incompatible format, a disc's groove was normally of constant depth and modulated laterally, side to side. The vertical format demanded a perfectly flat surface for best results, so Edison made his Diamond Discs almost one quarter of an inch (6 mm) thick. They consisted of a thin coating of a phenolic resin virtually identical to Bakelite on a core of compressed wood flour, later also china clay, lampblack for color, all in a rabbit hide glue binder. The Brunswick Ultona, the Sonora, and the expensive "Duo Vox" phonograph made by the piano manufacturer Bush and Lane were the only non Edison machines that came from the factory equipped to play Diamond Discs as well as Victor and other 'needle type' records, along with Pathé's sapphire ball stylus hill and dale format that used a vertical groove that was U shaped in cross section. Edison discouraged all such alternatives by cautioning on some of the record sleeves: "This Re Creation should not be played on any instrument except the Edison Diamond Disc Phonograph and with the Edison Diamond Disc Reproducer, and we decline responsibility for any damage that may occur to it if this warning is ignored." The very good reason for such discouragement was that Diamond Disc grooves were too narrow and fragile to propel a soundbox across a record surface, as lateral machines did; Edison's precise mechanical feed system on the Disc Phonograph for its weighted "floating" reproducer replaced that stress on its records.

Diamond Discs enjoyed their greatest commercial success from the mid 1910s to the early 1920s, with sales peaking in 1920. Although they arguably had better audio fidelity, they were more expensive than, and incompatible with, other makers' products and ultimately failed in the marketplace. Not least among the factors contributing to their downfall was Thomas Edison's insistence on imposing his own musical tastes on the catalog. As an elderly man who favored old fashioned "heart" songs and had various idiosyncratic preferences about performance practices, he was increasingly out of touch with most of the record buying public as the Jazz Age of the 1920s got underway. It was not until mid decade that he reluctantly ceded control to his sons. In 1926, an attempt at reviving interest in Edison records was made by introducing a long playing Diamond Disc which still rotated at 80 rpm but tripled the standard groove pitch to 450 threads per inch by using an ultra fine groove, achieving a playing time of 24 minutes per 10 inch disc (12 on each side) and 40 minutes per 12 inch disc (these were the only 12 inch Diamond Discs ever sold to the public). A special reproducer and modified feed screw mechanism were required to play them. There were problems with skipping, groove wall breakdown, overall low volume (about 40% of that of the regular Diamond Discs), and a failure to exploit the format by releasing a limited number of discs. Only 14 different Edison Long Play discs were issued before they were discontinued. In August 1927, electrical recording began, making Edison the last major record company to adopt it, over two years after Victor Records, Columbia Records, and Brunswick Records had converted from acoustical recording. Sales continued to drop, however, and although Edison Diamond Discs were available from dealers until the company left the record business in late October 1929, the last vertically cut direct masters were recorded in the early summer of that year. Priority had been redirected to introducing a new line of Edison lateral or so called Needle Type thin shellac records, compatible with ordinary record players, but although their audio quality was excellent this concession to commercial reality came too late to prevent the demise of the Edison Phonograph and Records Division just one day before the 1929 stock market crash.