Томас О'Коннор Слоун: Американ ғалымы және өнертапқыш

American scientist

Thomas O'Conor Sloane (November 24, 1851 – August 7, 1940) was an American scientist, inventor, author, editor, educator, and linguist, perhaps best known for writing The Standard Electrical Dictionary and as the editor of Scientific American, from 1886 to 1896 and the first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, from 1929 to 1938.

Sloane was born in New York City in 1851, eventually moving to South Orange, New Jersey while maintaining work offices in New York City.

Sloane was academically exceptional, graduating with an A. B. from the College of St. Francis Xavier in NYC in 1869 at only eighteen years of age. He then earned an E. M from Columbia University in NYC in 1872, an A. M. from the College of St. Francis Xavier in 1873, a Ph. D. in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1876 and later, an LL. D. from the College of St. Francis Xavier. It has also been stated that Sloane held a Ph. D. in chemistry, although beyond his extensive professional experience in the field of chemistry there does not seem to be evidence to support this.

Sloane was employed as a chemist by the N. Y. Gas Light Co. in 1872 and in 1877 as chief engineer for Citizens' Gas Light Co. in Brooklyn. He was granted a patent for the invention January 29, 1884. In 1877, Sloane had described a new process for determining sulphur in natural gas.

Sloane was the author of The Standard Electrical Dictionary, first published in 1892, as well as Arithmetic of Electricity: A Practical Treatise on Electrical Calculations, Electricity Simplified: The Practice and Theory of Electricity, Questions and Answers About Electricity: A First Book for Students: Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Electric Toy Making for Amateurs, How to Become a Successful Electrician, The Electrician's Handy Book, Practical Electricity, An Electrical Library, Elementary Electrical Calculations, A Manual of Simple Engineering Mathematics: Covering the Whole Field of Direct Current Calculations, Speed and Fun with Figures, Rapid Arithmetic: Quick and Special Methods in Arithmetical Calculation, Fortunes in Formulas for Home, Farm, and Workshop, Henley's Twentieth Century Book of Formulas, Processes and Trade Secrets, Motion Picture Projection, Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases, Home Experiments in Science, Rubber Hand Stamps and the Manipulation of India Rubber, Facts Worth Knowing and others; including translations into English of Saint Francis of Assisi: A Biography written by Johannes Jorgensen and The Electric Light: Its History, Production, and Applications by Alglave and Boulard. A copy of Electric Toy Making for Amateurs is held by the Smithsonian Libraries. Sloane was also a prodigious contributor to many and various scientific and other publications such as the Encyclopædia Britannica, Annual Cyclopedia, Alden's Cyclopedia, The Catholic Encyclopedia, The Independent, The Times newspaper (London) and Popular Science.

Sloane was the editor of Scientific American from 1886 to 1896, contributing over fifty scientific articles to the magazine during his tenure. Sloane also served on the editorial staff of several other popular periodicals such as Everyday Engineering Magazine, Plumber and Sanitary Engineer, Youth's Companion, The Experimenter (formerly, Practical Electrics) and Science and Invention (formerly, The Electrical Experimenter).

Sloane was a professor of natural sciences and higher mathematics at Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey, having first joined the faculty in 1883 and teaching there non continuously through the 1890s. In 1894, Sloane was elected to the Board of Trustees, while also continuing in his capacity as a member of the faculty. The institute advertised heavily in the periodicals of the day (magazine ad for the Chemical Institute of New York, 1922), like Popular Mechanics, Popular Science, Amazing Stories, Radio Craft and The Experimenter.

Sloane was involved with Hugo Gernsback's Amazing Stories from the very beginning, his editorial work at The Experimenter and Science and Invention magazines, published by Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing led to Sloane's involvement with Amazing Stories when Gernsback merged the two magazines, devoting the editorial and printing time, resources and distribution from The Experimenter to the newly created Amazing Stories and retaining Sloane to edit the magazine with Gernsback having the final say over the fiction content (see also, history of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950). Sloane served as the managing editor for the first issue of Amazing Stories (April 1926) His role in the magazine production continued to grow and in 1929 when B. A. MacKinnon purchased Experimenter Publishing then sold it to Bernarr Macfadden, Sloane was named editor (November 1929 issue). Of note, Sloane's managing editor at Amazing Stories was Miriam Bourne, in a time when women were particularly underrepresented in the science fiction publishing world; as well, Sloane and later, Raymond A. Palmer, advanced and expanded upon Gernsback's mandate for the magazine, actively publishing women SF writers, poets and science journalists, progressing the industry. Sloane was one of several stockholders owning significant shares in the Experimenter Publishing Company, Inc., New York, NY. Sloane published first stories by science fiction authors including John W. Campbell, Jr., Eando Binder, John Russell Fearn, S. P. Meek, John Benyon Harris, Henry Hasse and E. E. "Doc" Smith and a first poem by Frederik Pohl. During Sloane's tenure as associate editor, the magazine published "The Colour Out of Space" by H. P. Lovecraft, in the September 1927 issue. As editor, Sloane is credited with accepting but not publishing the first science fiction story written by Clifford D. Simak who submitted "Cubes of Ganymede" to Amazing Stories early in 1931. Sloane held onto the story for years, finally returning it to Simak as being outdated. Sloane also managed to publish a story, "The Universal Merry Go Round" by Roger Bird in the April 1933 edition of Amazing Stories that science fiction historian Mike Ashley refers to as "what could arguably be called the worst story ever published in an American sf magazine This story is so bad as to be compulsive reading, and no plot summary can do it justice." On the other hand, he published the only stories of the equally unknown W. K. Sonneman, who science fiction historian Sam Moskowitz considered to be a "writer among writers" and a "'master' of science fiction."

Sloane published the first Professor Jameson story by Neil R. Jones, "The Jameson Satellite," launching the series and publishing the next eleven stories. The series was among the most popular in the science fiction pulp magazines of the 1930s and Isaac Asimov credits it as being an influence on his own science fiction writing. Frederik Pohl was also a fan of the Professor Jameson stories which have become the longest surviving series in science fiction.

Sloane was the associate editor of Amazing Stories when the first Buck Rogers story, a novella, "Armageddon 2419 A. D." by Phillip Francis Nowlan was published in the August 1928 edition of Amazing Stories. By early 1929, Buck Rogers was appearing as a syndicated comic strip and inspired the creation of Flash Gordon, John Carter of Mars and others. "The Airlords of Han," a sequel, was published in the March 1929 issue of Amazing Stories. In 1960, these two novellas were combined into one novel, titled Armageddon 2419 A. D.(no longer included the dash in the title).

Sloane was the associate editor of Amazing Stories when the first space opera, "The Skylark of Space" by E. E. "Doc" Smith was published in the August 1928 edition of Amazing Stories. Science fiction historians Sam Moskowitz and Joe Sanders state that Sloane, while associate editor, accepted "The Skylark of Space" for publication. As editor, Sloane published the second installment, "Skylark Three," as a three part serial in the August to October 1930 issues of Amazing Stories. Smith's novel, Spacehounds of IPC, serialized in the August, September, and October 1931 issues of the magazine, introduced the term "tractor beam" to the popular culture.