Мера человека: Права Data и этика искусственного интеллекта

"The Measure of a Man" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 35th episode overall. It was originally released on February 13, 1989, in broadcast syndication. It was written as a spec script by former attorney and Star Trek: The Original Series novelist Melinda M. Snodgrass. It was directed by Robert Scheerer. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise D. In this episode, the rights of the android officer Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) are threatened by a scientist who wishes to dismantle him to produce replicas of him. Captain Jean Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) fights in a Starfleet court for Data's right of self determination, not to be declared mere property of Starfleet, while Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes) is obliged to argue on behalf of the scientist. The script was accepted due to the impact of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, and resulted in Snodgrass being recruited as a staff writer and script editor. She would remain on the staff until the end of the third season. "The Measure of a Man" has been seen as highlighting themes of slavery and the rights of artificial intelligence. Similar subjects were discussed in a follow up episode, "The Offspring". "The Measure of a Man" received Nielsen ratings of 11.3 percent on the first broadcast. It was received positively by the cast and crew because of the subject and has been considered by critics to be the first great episode of The Next Generation. It has also been included in lists of the best and most groundbreaking episodes of the series. An extended cut was released in 2012, with 12 additional minutes of footage. The exterior shot of "Starbase 173" used a miniature model previously made for Star Trek: The Motion Picture and reused in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The subject matter has been seen as ranging from the rights of artificial lifeforms to slavery. In the wake of discussions regarding the ethical and moral dilemmas of computer scientists, the episode also received attention amongst academe and was used as lecture material, including in a course on Computer Ethics at the University of Kentucky, in a section covering robot and cyborg rights. The idea of non human ethics had been discussed prior to "The Measure of a Man" in papers and books such as Animal Liberation: a New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals by Peter Singer in 1977 and On Being Morally Considerable by K. E. Goodpaster in 1978. In the essay "The 'Measure of a Man' and the Ethos of Hospitality: Towards an Ethical Dwelling with Technology" within the AI & Society journal in 2009, Lucas D. Introna explained that Data's main issue in this episode was that this area of ethics is dealt with purely in human terms. Thus, the argument regarding his rights as an individual must be framed within those boundaries. The episode was also analysed in a Toledo Law Journal article by Paul Joseph and Sharon Carton about the legal system of the Federation as portrayed in Star Trek: The Next Generation. The episode proved influential, with the test established in "The Measure of a Man" being revisited when Data created Lal in "The Offspring". Picard directly references the events of this episode as it appears that the outcome of "The Measure of a Man" had only been applied to Data and not all androids. Outside of the series, Star Trek fan Seth MacFarlane referenced the events of "The Measure of a Man" in the plot of his comedy film Ted 2 (2015). In the events of the film, Samantha Jackson (Amanda Seyfried) must argue for the rights of Ted, a sentient Teddy Bear, as he is at risk of being considered property rather than a person in the eyes of the law. Bruce Maddox appeared again in Star Trek: Picard. In this story, he continued his research into cybernetics, building the androids Dahj and Soji, among others.

"The Measure of a Man" was first shown on February 13, 1989, in broadcast syndication. It was the ninth episode of the second season and received Nielsen ratings of 11.3 percent on the first broadcast. It was one of the best rated episodes during the second season, alongside the previous episode, "A Matter of Honor", which were the highest since "The Big Goodbye" released in syndication during the week of February 14, 1988.

Director Robert Scheerer called it his favorite show, adding that it was interesting to see Riker and Picard treating Data "not as a dear friend, but as someone whose worth has to be resolved". He said that the episode was non typical and "beautifully crafted", with "a great deal to say about man, humanity, what our problems in the world are today and hopefully what we can do about it in the future." Producer Maurice Hurley called the episode "stunning", saying "That's the kind of show you want to do", "it just worked great, everything about it". He also lauded Whoopi Goldberg's role in the episode. Michael Piller, who had not yet joined the crew later described it as one of his three favourite episodes alongside "The Inner Light" and "The Offspring" as "they had remarkable emotional impacts. And they genuinely explored the human condition, which this franchise does better than any other when it does it well." Spiner identified this episode as his favorite episode of The Next Generation. In an interview, Stewart concurred that this is "the first truly great episode of the series" and added that it went to the "heart of the fundamentals of the Star Trek philosophy and what Gene Roddenberry had been writing about in different ways from the mid 60s." He said that his favourite episode was "The Inner Light". On Twitter in April 2013, Marina Sirtis (Troi) named this as her favorite episode.

Entertainment Weekly said that "It is well established Trek gospel that the first truly great episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation is 'The Measure of a Man'". Mark Jones and Lance Parkin, in their book Beyond the Final Frontier: An Unauthorised Review of Star Trek, called "The Measure of a Man" "a blunt episode lacking finesse". They added that while including Riker in the plot was a positive move, it was not clearly rationalized. They described the argument at the center of the episode as a "balloon debate". The majority of reviewers received the episode more positively. James Van Hise and Hal Schuster in The Complete Trek: The Next Generation described it as a "stirring episode" that that the Enterprise did not need to be endangered to generate drama. They said overall that "The Measure of a Man" was "pure Next Generation at its best". Wendy Rathbone provided a guest review in the same book; she said that she enjoyed the believability of the plot and the characterization of Data. She compared it to The Original Series episode "Court Martial", and called it "riveting" with "first rate dialogue and powerful tension" Following the end of the series in 1994, "The Measure of a Man" was given an honorable mention in a list of the best episodes by television critic Mike Antonucci for the San Jose Mercury News. Upon the release of a DVD box set in 2002, "The Measure of a Man" was called the "standout episode" of the season by Mark Rahner for The Seattle Times via the Knight Ridder media company. Entertainment Weekly named this episode the sixth best of the series in a list compiled in 2007. Zack Handlen reviewed the episode for The A. V. Club in 2010, giving it a grade of A−. He praised the actions of Picard, but thought that Diana Muldaur as Katherine Pulaski could have been featured more. He disliked the "shoehorning" of Riker into the plot, and felt that Guinan's comparison to slavery was not required and there were some "soft arguments" in the court scenes. Nonetheless, Handlen said that the episode featured "the sort of profound philosophizing that Trek has always made its bread and butter", and that "TNG hasn't lost its flaws, but it's finally, definitively shown that it can be great". In 2011, Keith DeCandido gave "The Measure of a Man" a rating of nine out of ten in his review for Tor. com. He praised the guest actors, and called the episode "Quite simply one of Trek‘s finest hours." He said that the procedures in the courtroom scenes were an issue, as the witnesses were not cross examined and Riker did not make a closing statement. In 2011, this episode was noted by Forbes as one of the top ten episodes of the franchise that explores the implications of advanced technology. In 2012, Wired magazine said this was one of the best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2013, James Hunt writing for Den of Geek reviewed "The Measure of a Man". He said that while he was surprised the arguments presented in the episode had not been raised earlier in Data's Starfleet career, he felt it was "the first episode of TNG that doesn't just reach the potential of Star Trek, it stretches far, far beyond it". He called it "a solid contender for the best TNG episode full stop", recommended "If you only watch one episode of TNG, it might be a good idea to make it this one." To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the series in 2012, Wired magazine conducted a reader's survey of their favourite episodes. Several were listed, including "The Measure of a Man". That same year, Juliette Harrisson ranked it as the 8th most groundbreaking episode of the series. In 2017, Space. com rated "The Measure of a Man" as the #1 Star Trek episode overall out of its seven hundred plus episodes, ahead of "The Trouble with Tribbles" (#2), "The Menagerie" (#3), "The Best of Both Worlds" (#4), and "In The Pale Moonlight" (#5). In May 2019, The Hollywood Reporter ranked "The Measure of a Man" among the top twenty five episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Screen Rant ranked "The Measure of Man" as one of the top ten episodes of all Star Trek up to December 2018. In 2016, Radio Times ranked the space court room sequence as the 17th best moment in all Star Trek, remarking "The franchise is at its philosophising best as we see a grim faced Riker prosecute the case while Picard champions Data’s self awareness". In 2016, Vox rated this one of the top 25 essential episodes of all Star Trek. In 2016, IGN ranked this the 8th best episode of all Star Trek series prior to Star Trek: Discovery. In 2016, The Washington Post ranked it the 8th best episode of all Star Trek television series, noting that it made full use of Patrick Stewart's acting as Captain Picard with space court case about the android Data and sentience. In 2017, Den of Geek ranked this episode as one of the top 25 "must watch" episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2017, Nerdist ranked this episode the number one best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, on a list of the top ten episodes. They ranked "The Inner Light" in second place, and "The Best of Both Worlds" (Parts I & II) as third. In 2019, Screen Rant ranked "The Measure of a Man" the tenth best episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2019, The Hollywood Reporter listed this episode among the 25 best episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In 2020, SciFiPulse. net ranked this episode one of the top seven about the character Captain Picard. In 2020, Space. com recommended watching this episode as background for Star Trek: Picard. In 2020, Vulture recommended it as one of the best Star Trek episodes to watch along with Star Trek: Picard, noting the performance of Brian Brophy as Commander Maddox, and commending Picard's defense. In 2020, The Digital Fix said this was the sixth best episode of Star Trek:The Next Generation.

The first home media release of "The Measure of the Man" was on VHS cassette, appearing on October 12, 1994, in the United States and Canada. The episode has been included in the season two DVD box set, released in on May 7, 2002. The most recent release was as part of the season two Blu ray set on December 4, 2012. For the season two Blu ray set, CBS decided to include a special "Extended Cut". This added thirteen minutes of footage, previously cut from the broadcast version, most of which only existed on a VHS cassette owned by Snodgrass. CBS was able to add further footage from their archives. The difference in the running time was attributed to "small personal moments" by Snodgrass, which added that Riker wanted to beat Picard although he cared for Data. This was emphasised in one particular scene, which Snodgrass was pleased had been restored to the episode. "The Measure of a Man" received a cinematic release alongside "Q Who" for one night on November 29, 2012, to promote the Blu ray release. This was the second time that a pair of The Next Generation episodes received a cinematic release to promote the release of a Blu ray season box set.