Введение
Кормовые рыбы, в основном относящиеся к семейству Clupeidae – это виды рыб. Сельдь относится к кормовым рыбам, преимущественно к семейству Clupeidae. Сельдь часто перемещается большими косяками вокруг рыболовных участков и вблизи побережья, особенно в неглубоких, умеренных водах Северной части Тихого и Атлантического океанов, включая Балтийское море, а также у западного побережья Южной Америки. Признаны три вида рода Clupea (типового рода семейства сельдевых Clupeidae), которые составляют около 90% всей сельди, вылавливаемой в промысле. Наиболее распространенным из этих видов является атлантическая сельдь, на долю которой приходится более половины всего улова сельди. Рыба, называемая сельдью, также встречается в Аравийском море, Индийском океане и Бенгальском заливе. Сельдь сыграла важную роль в истории морского рыболовства в Европе, а в начале XX века их изучение было фундаментальным для развития рыбного хозяйства. Сельдь также имеет давнюю историю как важная пищевая рыба и часто подвергается засолке, копчению или маринованию. В Великобритании сельдь также называли "серебряными красавицами".
the species of fish
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family of Clupeidae. Herring often move in large schools around fishing banks and near the coast, found particularly in shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans, including the Baltic Sea, as well as off the west coast of South America. Three species of Clupea (the type genus of the herring family Clupeidae) are recognised, and comprise about 90% of all herrings captured in fisheries. The most abundant of these species is the Atlantic herring, which comprises over half of all herring capture. Fish called herring are also found in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal. Herring played an important role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe, and early in the 20th century, their study was fundamental to the development of fisheries science. also have a long history as an important food fish, and are often salted, smoked, or pickled. Herring were also known as "silver darlings" in the United Kingdom.
Виды
Ряд различных видов, большинство из которых принадлежат к семейству Clupeidae, обычно называют сельдями. Происхождение термина "сельдь" несколько неясно, хотя оно может быть связано с тем же корнем, что и древневерхненемецкое heri, означающее "хозяин, множество", в связи с большими косяками, которые они образуют. Типовой род семейства сельдевых Clupeidae — *Clupea*. В род *Clupea* входит только два вида: атлантическая сельдь (типовой вид), обитающая в Северной Атлантике, и тихоокеанская сельдь, встречающаяся преимущественно в Северной части Тихого океана. Предлагались подвидовые деления как для атлантической, так и для тихоокеанской сельди, но их биологическое обоснование остаётся неясным. Сельдь рода *Clupea*
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
| Общее название | Научное название | Максимальная длина | Средняя длина | Максимальный вес | Максимальный возраст | Трофический уровень | FishBase | FAO | ITIS | IUCN статус |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Атлантическая сельдь | *Clupea harengus* Linnaeus, 1758 | 45,0 см | 30,0 см | 1,05 кг | 22 года | 3,23 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Тихоокеанская сельдь | *Clupea pallasii* Valenciennes, 1847 | 46,0 см | 25,0 см | | 19 лет | 3,15 | | | | Недостаточно данных |
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
Кроме того, ряд близкородственных видов, все из семейства Clupeidae, обычно называют сельдями. В таблице ниже представлены те представители семейства Clupeidae, которых FishBase относит к сельдям и которые были оценены Международным союзом охраны природы.
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
Другие виды сельдевых в семействе Clupeidae
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
| Общее название | Научное название | Максимальная длина | Средняя длина | Максимальный вес | Максимальный возраст | Трофический уровень | FishBase | FAO | ITIS | IUCN статус |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Пресноводные сельди | | | | | | | | | | |
| Зубастая речная сельдь | *Clupeoides papuensis* (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) | | | | | | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Круглые сельди | | | | | | | | | | |
| Круглая сельдь Дэйса | *Dayella malabarica* (Day, 1873) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Карликовая круглая сельдь | *Jenkinsia lamprotaenia* (Gosse, 1851) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Круглая сельдь Гилкриста | *Gilchristella aestuaria* (Gilchrist, 1913) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Круглая сельдь с маленьким глазом | *Jenkinsia majua* Whitehead, 1963 | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Красноглазая круглая сельдь | *Etrumeus sadina* (Mitchill, 1814) | 33 см | 25 см | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Двухплавниковая круглая сельдь | *Spratellomorpha bianalis* (Bertin, 1940) | 4,5 см | | | | 3,11 | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Круглая сельдь Уайтхеда | *Etrumeus whiteheadi* (Wongratana, 1983) | 20 см | | | | 3,4 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Венесуэльская сельдь | *Jenkinsia parvula* Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 | | | | | | | | | Уязвимый вид |
| Нитевидные сельди | | | | | | | | | | |
| Нитевидная сельдь Галапагос | *Opisthonema berlangai* (Günther, 1867) | 26 см | 18 см | | | 3,27 | | | | Уязвимый вид |
| Средняя нитевидная сельдь | *Opisthonema medirastre* Berry & Barrett, 1963 | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Тихоокеанская нитевидная сельдь | *Opisthonema libertate* (Günther, 1867) | 30 см | 22 см | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Другие | | | | | | | | | | |
| Арауканская сельдь | *Strangomera bentincki* (Norman, 1936) | 28,4 см | | | | 2,69 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Чернополосая сельдь | *Lile nigrofasciata* Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 | | | | | | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Зубчатая сельдь | *Denticeps clupeoides* Clausen, 1959 | | | | | | | | | Уязвимый вид |
| Сельдь с клыками | *Chirocentrodon bleekerianus* (Poey, 1867) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Изящная сельдь | *Lile gracilis* Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 | | | | | | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Тихоокеанская плоская сельдь | *Harengula thrissina* (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Карликовая сельдь Санаги | *Thrattidion noctivagus* Roberts, 1972 | | | | | | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Серебристополосая круглая сельдь | *Spratelloides gracilis* (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) | 10,5 см | | | | 3,0 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Полосатая сельдь | *Lile stolifera* (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | | | | | | | | | Недостаточно данных |
| Западноафриканская карликовая сельдь | *Sierrathrissa leonensis* Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
Кроме того, ряд других видов называют сельдями, которые могут быть связаны с сельдевыми или просто иметь некоторые характеристики сельди (например, озерная сельдь, которая относится к лососевым). То, какие из этих видов называют сельдями, может варьироваться в зависимости от местности, поэтому то, что в одном месте называют сельдью, в другом может называться чем-то другим. Некоторые примеры:
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
Другие рыбы, называемые сельдью
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
| Общее название | Научное название | Максимальная длина | Средняя длина | Максимальный вес | Максимальный возраст | Трофический уровень | FishBase | FAO | ITIS | IUCN статус |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Сельдь длинноплавниковая | | | | | | | | | | |
| Сельдь длинноплавниковая с большими глазами | *Opisthopterus macrops* (Günther, 1867) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Сельдь длинноплавниковая Дава | *Opisthopterus dovii* (Günther 1868) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Сельдь-топорик | *Ilisha fuerthii* (Steindachner, 1875) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Панамская сельдь длинноплавниковая | *Odontognathus panamensis* (Steindachner, 1876) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Тропическая сельдь длинноплавниковая | *Neoopisthopterus tropicus* (Hildebrand 1946) | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Сельдь длинноплавниковая Вакейра | *Opisthopterus effulgens* (Regan 1903) | | | | | | | | | Уязвимый вид |
| Экваториальная сельдь длинноплавниковая | *Opisthopterus equatorialis* Hildebrand, 1946 | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Волчья сельдь | | | | | | | | | | |
| Волчья сельдь Дораба | *Chirocentrus dorab* (Forsskål, 1775) | 100 см | 60 см | | | 4,50 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Белоплавниковая волчья сельдь | *Chirocentrus nudus* Swainson, 1839 | 100 см | | 0,41 кг | | 4,19 | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
| Пресноводный сиг | | | | | | | | | | |
| Озерная сельдь (чир) | *Coregonus artedi* Lesueur, 1818 | | | | | | | | | Вызывающие наименьшее беспокойство |
In addition, a number of related species, all in the Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the family Clupeidae referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Other herrings in the family Clupeidae Group Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN statusFreshwater herrings Toothed river herring Clupeoides papuensis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) cm cm kg years Data deficient Round herrings Day's round herring Dayella malabarica (Day, 1873) cm cm kg years Least concern Dwarf round herring Jenkinsia lamprotaenia (Gosse, 1851) cm cm kg years Least concern Gilchrist's round herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Gilchrist, 1913 cm cm kg years Least concern Little eye round herring Jenkinsia majua Whitehead, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Red eye round herring Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) 33 cm 25 cm kg years Least concern Two finned round herring Spratellomorpha bianalis (Bertin, 1940) 4.5 cm cm kg years 3.11 Data deficient Whitehead's round herring Etrumeus whiteheadi (Wongratana, 1983) 20 cm cm kg years 3.4 Least concern Venezuelan herring Jenkinsia parvula Cervigón and Velasquez, 1978 cm cm kg years VulnerableThread herrings Galapagos thread herring Opisthonema berlangai (Günther, 1867) 26 cm 18 cm kg years 3.27 Vulnerable Middling thread herring Opisthonema medirastre Berry & Barrett, 1963 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific thread herring Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) 30 cm 22 cm kg years Least concernOther Araucanian herring Strangomera bentincki (Norman, 1936) 28.4 cm cm kg years 2.69 Least concern Blackstripe herring Lile nigrofasciata Castro Aguirre Ruiz Campos and Balart, 2002 cm cm kg years Least concern Denticle herring Denticeps clupeoides Clausen, 1959 cm cm kg years Vulnerable Dogtooth herring Chirocentrodon bleekerianus (Poey, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Graceful herring Lile gracilis Castro Aguirre and Vivero, 1990 cm cm kg years Least concern Pacific Flatiron herring Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern Sanaga pygmy herring Thrattidion noctivagus Roberts, 1972 cm cm kg years Least concern Silver stripe round herring Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) 10.5 cm cm kg years 3.0 Least concern Striped herring Lile stolifera (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) cm cm kg years Least concern West African pygmy herring Sierrathrissa leonensis Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969 cm cm kg years Least concern
Also, a number of other species are called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings (such as the lake herring, which is a salmonid). Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, so what might be called a herring in one locality might be called something else in another locality. Some examples:
Other fishes called herring Common name Scientific name Maximumlength Commonlength Maximumweight Maximumage Trophiclevel FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status Longfin herring Bigeyed longfin herring Opisthopterus macrops (Günther, 1867) cm cm kg years Least concern Dove's longfin herring Opisthopterus dovii (Günther 1868) cm cm kg years Least concern Hatchet herring Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) cm cm kg years Least concern Panama longfin herring Odontognathus panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) cm cm kg years Least concern Tropical longfin herring Neoopisthopterus tropicus (Hildebrand 1946) cm cm kg years Least concern Vaqueira longfin herring Opisthopterus effulgens (Regan 1903) cm cm kg years Vulnerable Equatorial longfin herring Opisthopterus equatorialis Hildebrand, 1946 cm cm kg years Least concern Wolf herring Dorab wolf herring Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775) 100 cm 60 cm kg years 4.50 Least concern Whitefin wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Swainson, 1839 100 cm cm 0.41 kg years 4.19 Least concern Freshwater whitefish Lake herring (cisco) Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 cm cm kg years Least concern
Характеристики
Виды Clupea относятся к более крупному семейству Clupeidae (сельди, шады, сардины, менедены), которое включает около 200 видов, обладающих схожими признаками. Эти серебристые рыбы имеют один спинной плавник, который мягкий и без шипов. У них отсутствует боковая линия и выступающая нижняя челюсть. Размер варьируется в зависимости от подвида: балтийская сельдь (Clupea harengus membras) небольшая, от 14 до 18 см (около 5,5–7 дюймов); атлантическая сельдь (Clupea harengus harengus) может вырастать до примерно и весить до ; а тихоокеанская сельдь достигает примерно .
Жизненный цикл
По крайней мере, один запас атлантической сельди нерестится каждый месяц года. Каждая популяция нерестится в разное время и в разном месте (весенняя, летняя, осенняя и зимняя сельдь). Гренландские популяции нерестятся в воде, в то время как североморские (прибрежные) сельди нерестятся при температурах до осенью. Яйца откладываются на морском дне, на скалах, камнях, гравии, песке или зарослях водорослей. Самки могут откладывать от 20 000 до 40 000 яиц, в зависимости от возраста и размера, в среднем около 30 000. У половозрелой сельди половые органы увеличиваются в размерах перед нерестом, достигая примерно одной пятой от общей массы тела. Яйца опускаются на дно, где прикрепляются слоями или комками к гравию, водорослям или камням с помощью слизистого покрытия, или к любым другим предметам, на которые они случайно попадают. Если слои яиц слишком толстые, они страдают от недостатка кислорода и часто погибают, запутываясь в слизи. Им необходима значительная микротурбулентность воды, обычно создаваемая волнами или прибрежными течениями. Выживаемость наиболее высока в расщелинах и за твердыми структурами, поскольку хищники охотятся на открыто лежащие яйца. Диаметр отдельных яиц варьируется от в зависимости от размера родительской особи и местной расы. Время инкубации составляет около 40 дней при 3 °C (37 °F), 15 дней при 7 °C (45 °F) или 11 дней при 10 °C (50 °F). Яйца погибают при температуре выше 19 °C (66 °F). Личинки вылупляются длиной, с небольшим желточным мешком, который полностью рассасывается к тому моменту, когда личинка достигает длины. Только глаза хорошо пигментированы. Остальное тело почти прозрачное, практически невидимое в воде и при естественном освещении. Спинной плавник формируется примерно в , анальный плавник – примерно в , видны брюшные плавники, а хвост становится хорошо раздвоенным к 30–. К примерно личинка начинает напоминать сельдь. Личинки сельди очень стройные и легко отличаются от других молодых рыб своего ареала по расположению анального отверстия, которое находится близко к основанию хвоста; однако, для различения сельдеобразных на ранних стадиях требуется тщательное исследование, особенно для отделения сельди от шпрота. К одному году они достигают длины, а впервые нерестятся на третьем году жизни.