Баодин: История и современность города у Пекина

Baoding is a prefecture level city in central Hebei province, approximately southwest of Beijing. As of the 2010 census, Baoding City had 11,194,382 inhabitants, of which 2,176,857 lived in the metropolitan area made of 4 out of 5 urban districts: Lianchi, Jingxiu, Qingyuan, and Mancheng all of which are largely conurbated. Zhuozhou City in the northern part has now grown into part of the Beijing metro area. Baoding was the capital of Zhili Province and the residence of the Viceroy of Zhili in the Qing dynasty, and was the capital of Hebei province until 1968, and is now a national historical and cultural city and one of the central cities in the Jing Jin Ji cluster, with the Xiong'an new area located within its jurisdiction.

The city's name, Baoding , dates back to the Song and Yuan dynasties, the name is roughly interpreted as "protecting the capital", referring to the city's proximity to Beijing.

Baoding has a history dating back to the Western Han Dynasty.

The Nanzhuangtou site near Baiyang Lake is one of the earliest Neolithic site discovered in North China, dating back approximately 10,500–9,700 years. Other Neolithic sites in Baoding include Diaoyutai and Beifudi.

During the Warring States period, what is now Baoding was along the dividing line between the Yan and Zhao states. One of the capitals of Yan during this period, Xiadu, is located in what is now Yi County, and from 400 to 300 BC may have been the largest cities in the world, with an estimated population of over 300,000.

In 960 the Song dynasty established the Bao prefecture ("Baozhou") with the administrative office in Baosai County (modern Baoding). This lasted until 1241, when the Mongol Empire (who conquered the Jin dynasty in 1234) abolished it, incorporating Baozhou into the Central Region. In the year 1213 the Mongol army invaded and destroyed Baozhou, leaving it in ruins until it was reconstructed in 1227 during the Yuan dynasty. The region acquired the name "Baoding" in 1275. In 1669, Baoding became the capital of Zhili, ruled over by a Viceroy until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. In 1902, Yuan Shikai, then Viceroy, established the Baoding Military Academy.

On August 1, 1949, the People's Government of Hebei province was established, Baoding was the capital of the province, and the city of Baoding was a provincial municipality. On August 9, the administrative inspector's office of the Baoding district was established, and it was established as the administrative inspector's office of the county district. In May 1958, the capital of Hebei was moved to Tianjin, then back to Baoding in January 1966, to Shijiazhuang in February 1968. In December 1994, the Baoding area merged with Baoding to become a provincial city. In April 2017, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the State Council announced the decision to transform Baoding's Xiong, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties into Xiong'an New Area, a new development area of national significance, with a focus on innovation, sustainability and quality of life, following the successes of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai's Pudong New Area.

Baoding is located in the west central portion of Hebei province and lies on the North China Plain, with the Taihang Mountains to the west. Bordering prefecture level cities in the province are Zhangjiakou to the north, Langfang and Cangzhou to the east, and Shijiazhuang and Hengshui to the south. Baoding also borders Beijing to the northeast and Shanxi to the west. Elevations in Baoding's administrative area decrease from northwest to southeast. The western parts are dominated by mountains and hills that are generally more than tall; this area includes parts of Laishui, Yi, Mancheng, Shunping, Tang, and Fuping Counties as well as the entirety of Laiyuan County, occupying 30.6% of the prefecture's area. Baiyangdian Lake, the largest natural lake in northern China, can be found nearby.

Baoding has a continental, monsoon influenced humid continental climate/semi arid climate (Köppen Dwa/BSk), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. The annual rainfall, about 60% of which falls in July and August alone, is highly variable and not reliable. In the city itself, this amount has averaged to a meagre per annum. The monthly 24 hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is There are 2,500 to 2,900 hours of bright sunshine annually, and the frost free period lasts 165−210 days.

+ Baoding City Demographics Division name Residence population (November 2010) Hukou population (end of 2010) Total Ratio (%) Population density (persons/km2) Baoding City 11,194,379 100 504.55 11610199 Xinshi District 482,768 4.31 2540.88 459038 Beishi District 387,339 3.46 5164.52 322205 Nanshi District 287,784 2.57 2877.84 279725 Mancheng District 387,307 3.46 615.75 411417 Qingyuan District 631,659 5.64 728.56 648645 Laishui County 339,063 3.03 204.50 352993 Fuping County 205,299 1.83 82.28 223846 Xushui County 563,030 5.03 778.74 586104 Dingxing County 517,873 4.63 725.31 585913 Tang County 529,066 4.73 373.37 590575 Gaoyang County 345,160 3.08 695.89 340163 Rongcheng County 258,179 2.31 822.23 265389 Laiyuan County 260,678 2.33 106.49 283537 Wangdu County 250,014 2.23 781.29 265525 Anxin County 437,378 3.91 604.11 440817 Yi County 537,564 4.80 212.14 570806 Quyang County 588,559 5.26 542.95 610065 Li County 505,574 4.52 775.42 532322 Shunping County 295,764 2.64 417.75 317484 Boye County 245,504 2.19 741.70 268941 Xiong County 359,506 3.21 686.08 375470 Zhuozhou City 603,535 5.39 813.39 645542 Dingzhou City 1,165,182 10.41 914.59 1214852 Anguo City 370,314 3.31 761.96 409834 Gaobeidian City 640,280 5.72 938.83 608991 Note: The 58,709 people residing in Baoding High Technology Product Development Zone and the 124,274 in the Baigou New City are not listed separately. According to the 2010 Census, the residence population stood at 11,194,382, an increase of 605,100 (5.71%) from 2000. The male female ratio was 101.94:100. Children aged up to 14 numbered 1,915,800 (17.11% of the population), citizens 15 to 64 numbered 8,370,600 (74.78%), and 65+ numbered 908,000 (8.11%). The urban area of Baoding made of 5 urban Districts had a population of around 2,739,887 (2010 census). The overwhelming majority of the population is Han Chinese. The language of Baoding is Mandarin Chinese — specifically, the Baoding dialect of Ji Lu Mandarin. Despite Baoding's proximity to Beijing, the Chinese spoken in Baoding is not particularly close to the Beijing dialect — rather, it is more closely related to Tianjin dialect.

Baoding City has one of China's biggest plants which manufactures blades used in wind turbine generators, catering mainly to the domestic market. Tianwei Wind Power Technology is one of the three main plants in Baoding that produces wind turbine generators. It wheeled out its first 20 turbines in 2008, and it will produce 150 units in 2009 and another 500 in 2010. Nevertheless, Baoding is currently listed as the most polluted city in China.

Baoding has good connections to other cities, being located on one of the main routes in and out of Beijing. The Jingshi Expressway connects the two cities, and Baoding is also the western terminus of the Baojin Expressway linking Baoding with Tianjin, which is one out of two nearest ports (Huanghua is the other one). The Jingguang Railway provides frequent services to Beijing West railway station. On 30 December 2012, a new Baoding station was opened, while the old train station was closed for passengers. Baoding East railway station lies to the east on the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high speed railway. On October 1, 2018, the east square of Baoding Railway Station was officially put into use, and the east station building of the railway station was also opened at the same time.

Baoding is headquarters of the 38th Mechanized Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending the PRC capital.

Perhaps the best known item to supposedly originate in Baoding are Baoding Balls, which can be used to relax one's keyboard hand and strengthen one's wrist. The most famous local specialty food is the Donkey Burger
Anxin County is home to the Quantou Village Music Association , a well known traditional music group performing on guan (oboes), sheng (mouth organs), and percussion. The village of Quantou is located on an island in Lake Baiyangdian. The city's streets follow a rough grid pattern, although this is less obvious in the older part of the city. The traditional main street of old Baoding is Yuhua Road, running from the city's centre to its eastern edge — most of Baoding's historic buildings are located in this area, along with some of its larger shopping centres. Other major streets include Dongfeng Road and Chaoyang Avenue. There is a ring road around the city. Baoding is home to Hebei University, North China Electric Power University with other 3 universities and 12 colleges.