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Введение
Ксантин (от древнегреческого ξανθός xanthós "жёлтый" из-за его желтовато-белого внешнего вида; архаично ксантовая кислота; систематическое название 3,7 дигидропурин 2,6 дион) — пуриновое основание, содержащееся в большинстве тканей и жидкостей человеческого тела, а также в других организмах. Из ксантина получают несколько стимуляторов, включая кофеин, теофиллин и теобромин. Ксантин является продуктом метаболизма пуринов и снижает воспаление и врожденный иммунитет, подавляя аденозин, вызывающий сонливость.
Xanthine ('/z//æ//n//θ//iː//n/ or '/z//æ//n//θ//aɪ//n/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós "yellow" due to its yellowish white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7 dihydropurine 2,6 dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. synthesis, and reduce inflammation and innate immunity which inhibit sleepiness inducing adenosine. + Examples of xanthine derivativesNameR1R2R3R8IUPAC nomenclatureFound in XanthineHHHH3,7 Dihydro purine 2,6 dionePlants, animals 7 MethylxanthineHHCH3H7 methyl 3H purine 2,6 dioneMetabolite of caffeine and theobromine TheobromineHCH3CH3H3,7 Dihydro 3,7 dimethyl 1H purine 2,6 dioneCacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola, guayusa TheophyllineCH3CH3HH1,3 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneTea, cacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola ParaxanthineCH3HCH3H1,7 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneAnimals that have consumed caffeine CaffeineCH3CH3CH3H1,3,7 Trimethyl 1H purine 2,6(3H,7H) dioneCoffee, guarana, yerba mate, tea, kola, guayusa, Cacao (chocolate) 8 ChlorotheophyllineCH3CH3HCl 8 Chloro 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Synthetic pharmaceutical ingredient 8 BromotheophyllineCH3CH3HBr 8 Bromo 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Pamabrom diuretic medicationDiprophyllineCH3CH3C3H7O2H7 (2,3 Dihydroxypropyl) 1,3 dimethyl 3,7 dihydro 1H purine 2,6 dioneSynthetic pharmaceutical ingredientIBMXCH3C4H9HH1 Methyl 3 (2 methylpropyl) 7H purine 2,6 dioneUric acidHHHO7,9 Dihydro 1H purine 2,6,8(3H) trioneByproduct of purine nucleotides metabolism and a normal component of urine
Примеры производных ксантина:
Xanthine ('/z//æ//n//θ//iː//n/ or '/z//æ//n//θ//aɪ//n/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós "yellow" due to its yellowish white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7 dihydropurine 2,6 dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. synthesis, and reduce inflammation and innate immunity which inhibit sleepiness inducing adenosine. + Examples of xanthine derivativesNameR1R2R3R8IUPAC nomenclatureFound in XanthineHHHH3,7 Dihydro purine 2,6 dionePlants, animals 7 MethylxanthineHHCH3H7 methyl 3H purine 2,6 dioneMetabolite of caffeine and theobromine TheobromineHCH3CH3H3,7 Dihydro 3,7 dimethyl 1H purine 2,6 dioneCacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola, guayusa TheophyllineCH3CH3HH1,3 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneTea, cacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola ParaxanthineCH3HCH3H1,7 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneAnimals that have consumed caffeine CaffeineCH3CH3CH3H1,3,7 Trimethyl 1H purine 2,6(3H,7H) dioneCoffee, guarana, yerba mate, tea, kola, guayusa, Cacao (chocolate) 8 ChlorotheophyllineCH3CH3HCl 8 Chloro 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Synthetic pharmaceutical ingredient 8 BromotheophyllineCH3CH3HBr 8 Bromo 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Pamabrom diuretic medicationDiprophyllineCH3CH3C3H7O2H7 (2,3 Dihydroxypropyl) 1,3 dimethyl 3,7 dihydro 1H purine 2,6 dioneSynthetic pharmaceutical ingredientIBMXCH3C4H9HH1 Methyl 3 (2 methylpropyl) 7H purine 2,6 dioneUric acidHHHO7,9 Dihydro 1H purine 2,6,8(3H) trioneByproduct of purine nucleotides metabolism and a normal component of urine
| Название | R1 | R2 | R3 | R8 | IUPAC номенклатура | Содержится в |
|-------------------|------|------|------|------|------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Ксантин | H | H | H | H | 3,7 дигидропурин 2,6 дион | Растения, животные |
| 7-Метилкантин | H | H | CH3 | H | 7-метил-3H-пурин-2,6-дион | Метаболит кофеина и теобромина |
| Теобромин | H | CH3 | CH3 | H | 3,7 дигидро-3,7-диметил-1H-пурин-2,6-дион | Какао (шоколад), йерба мате, кола, гуаяна |
| Теофиллин | CH3 | CH3 | H | H | 1,3-диметил-7H-пурин-2,6-дион | Чай, какао (шоколад), йерба мате, кола |
| Параксантин | CH3 | H | CH3 | H | 1,7-диметил-7H-пурин-2,6-дион | Животные, употреблявшие кофеин |
| Кофеин | CH3 | CH3 | CH3 | H | 1,3,7-триметил-1H-пурин-2,6(3H,7H)-дион | Кофе, гуарана, йерба мате, чай, кола, гуаяна, какао (шоколад) |
| 8-Хлоротеофиллин | CH3 | CH3 | HCl | H | 8-хлор-1,3-диметил-7H-пурин-2,6-дион | Синтетический фармацевтический ингредиент |
| 8-Бромотеофиллин | CH3 | CH3 | HBr | H | 8-бром-1,3-диметил-7H-пурин-2,6-дион | Памабром – диуретический препарат |
| Дипрофиллин | CH3 | CH3 | C3H7O2| H | 7-(2,3-дигидроксипропил)-1,3-диметил-3,7-дигидро-1H-пурин-2,6-дион | Синтетический фармацевтический ингредиент |
| IBMX | CH3 | C4H9 | H | H | 1-метил-3-(2-метилпропил)-7H-пурин-2,6-дион | |
| Мочевая кислота | H | H | HO | H | 7,9-дигидро-1H-пурин-2,6,8(3H)-трион | Побочный продукт метаболизма пуриновых нуклеотидов, нормальный компонент мочи |
Xanthine ('/z//æ//n//θ//iː//n/ or '/z//æ//n//θ//aɪ//n/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós "yellow" due to its yellowish white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7 dihydropurine 2,6 dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. synthesis, and reduce inflammation and innate immunity which inhibit sleepiness inducing adenosine. + Examples of xanthine derivativesNameR1R2R3R8IUPAC nomenclatureFound in XanthineHHHH3,7 Dihydro purine 2,6 dionePlants, animals 7 MethylxanthineHHCH3H7 methyl 3H purine 2,6 dioneMetabolite of caffeine and theobromine TheobromineHCH3CH3H3,7 Dihydro 3,7 dimethyl 1H purine 2,6 dioneCacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola, guayusa TheophyllineCH3CH3HH1,3 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneTea, cacao (chocolate), yerba mate, kola ParaxanthineCH3HCH3H1,7 Dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dioneAnimals that have consumed caffeine CaffeineCH3CH3CH3H1,3,7 Trimethyl 1H purine 2,6(3H,7H) dioneCoffee, guarana, yerba mate, tea, kola, guayusa, Cacao (chocolate) 8 ChlorotheophyllineCH3CH3HCl 8 Chloro 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Synthetic pharmaceutical ingredient 8 BromotheophyllineCH3CH3HBr 8 Bromo 1,3 dimethyl 7H purine 2,6 dione Pamabrom diuretic medicationDiprophyllineCH3CH3C3H7O2H7 (2,3 Dihydroxypropyl) 1,3 dimethyl 3,7 dihydro 1H purine 2,6 dioneSynthetic pharmaceutical ingredientIBMXCH3C4H9HH1 Methyl 3 (2 methylpropyl) 7H purine 2,6 dioneUric acidHHHO7,9 Dihydro 1H purine 2,6,8(3H) trioneByproduct of purine nucleotides metabolism and a normal component of urine
Патология
Люди с редкими генетическими заболеваниями, в частности ксантинурией и синдромом Леша-Нихана, испытывают дефицит ксантиноксидазы и не могут превращать ксантин в мочевую кислоту. В августе 2011 года был опубликован отчет, основанный на исследованиях NASA с метеоритами, обнаруженными на Земле, в котором предполагалось, что ксантин и связанные с ним органические молекулы, включая компоненты ДНК и РНК – аденин и гуанин – были найдены в космосе.
People with rare genetic disorders, specifically xanthinuria and Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid. In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting xanthine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, were found in outer space.