Введение
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| Name = Цианид натрия
| ImageFile = Цианид натрия.svg
| ImageFile1 = Цианид натрия фазы I элементарная ячейка 3D SF.png
| ImageName = Связь в цианиде натрия
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| Section7 = Опасности Chembox
| ExternalSDS = ICSC 1118
| GHSPictograms =
| NFPA H = 4
| NFPA F = 0
| NFPA R = 0
| NFPA S =
| FlashPt = Не воспламеняется
| LD50 = 6,44 мг/кг (крыса, перорально) 4 мг/кг (овца, перорально) 15 мг/кг (млекопитающее, перорально) 8 мг/кг (крыса, перорально)
| IDLH = 25 мг/м³ (в пересчете на CN)
| REL = 5 мг/м³ (4,7 ppm) [10 минут]
HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O
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| verifiedrevid = 464400731
| Name = Sodium cyanide
| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide. svg
| ImageFile1 = Sodium cyanide phase I unit cell 3D SF. png
| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding
| OtherNames =
| IUPACName =
| SystematicName =
| Section1 =
| Section2 =
| Section3 =
| Section4 =
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 = Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = ICSC 1118
| GHSPictograms =
| NFPA H = 4
| NFPA F = 0
| NFPA R = 0
| NFPA S =
| FlashPt = Non flammable
| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)8 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| IDLH = 25 mg/m3 (as CN)
| REL = C 5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) [10 minute]
HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O
Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of sodium amide with carbon at elevated temperatures. NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2
The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride. The anions and cations are each six coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. When treated with acid, it forms the toxic gas hydrogen cyanide:
NaCN + H+ → HCN + Na+
Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:
Мировое производство в 2006 году оценивалось в 500 000 тонн. Ранее его получали по процессу Кастнера, включающему реакцию амида натрия с углеродом при повышенных температурах. NaNH₂ + C → NaCN + H₂
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464400731
| Name = Sodium cyanide
| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide. svg
| ImageFile1 = Sodium cyanide phase I unit cell 3D SF. png
| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding
| OtherNames =
| IUPACName =
| SystematicName =
| Section1 =
| Section2 =
| Section3 =
| Section4 =
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 = Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = ICSC 1118
| GHSPictograms =
| NFPA H = 4
| NFPA F = 0
| NFPA R = 0
| NFPA S =
| FlashPt = Non flammable
| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)8 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| IDLH = 25 mg/m3 (as CN)
| REL = C 5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) [10 minute]
HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O
Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of sodium amide with carbon at elevated temperatures. NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2
The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride. The anions and cations are each six coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. When treated with acid, it forms the toxic gas hydrogen cyanide:
NaCN + H+ → HCN + Na+
Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:
Структура твердого NaCN связана со структурой хлорида натрия. Анионы и катионы имеют по шесть координаций. Цианид калия (KCN) имеет аналогичную структуру. При обработке кислотой образуется токсичный газ – цианистый водород:
NaCN + H⁺ → HCN + Na⁺
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464400731
| Name = Sodium cyanide
| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide. svg
| ImageFile1 = Sodium cyanide phase I unit cell 3D SF. png
| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding
| OtherNames =
| IUPACName =
| SystematicName =
| Section1 =
| Section2 =
| Section3 =
| Section4 =
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 = Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = ICSC 1118
| GHSPictograms =
| NFPA H = 4
| NFPA F = 0
| NFPA R = 0
| NFPA S =
| FlashPt = Non flammable
| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)8 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| IDLH = 25 mg/m3 (as CN)
| REL = C 5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) [10 minute]
HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O
Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of sodium amide with carbon at elevated temperatures. NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2
The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride. The anions and cations are each six coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. When treated with acid, it forms the toxic gas hydrogen cyanide:
NaCN + H+ → HCN + Na+
Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:
Поскольку соль является производной слабой кислоты, цианид натрия легко восстанавливается до HCN путем гидролиза; влажное твердое вещество выделяет небольшое количество цианистого водорода, который, как считается, пахнет горьким миндалем (не все могут его чувствовать – способность к этому обусловлена генетической особенностью). Цианид натрия быстро реагирует с сильными кислотами, высвобождая цианистый водород. Этот опасный процесс представляет собой значительный риск, связанный с цианидными солями. Его наиболее эффективно детоксифицируют перекисью водорода (H₂O₂) с образованием цианата натрия (NaOCN) и воды:
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464400731
| Name = Sodium cyanide
| ImageFile = Sodium cyanide. svg
| ImageFile1 = Sodium cyanide phase I unit cell 3D SF. png
| ImageName = Sodium cyanide bonding
| OtherNames =
| IUPACName =
| SystematicName =
| Section1 =
| Section2 =
| Section3 =
| Section4 =
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 = Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = ICSC 1118
| GHSPictograms =
| NFPA H = 4
| NFPA F = 0
| NFPA R = 0
| NFPA S =
| FlashPt = Non flammable
| LD50 = 6.44 mg/kg (rat, oral)4 mg/kg (sheep, oral)15 mg/kg (mammal, oral)8 mg/kg (rat, oral)
| IDLH = 25 mg/m3 (as CN)
| REL = C 5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) [10 minute]
HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O
Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of sodium amide with carbon at elevated temperatures. NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2
The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride. The anions and cations are each six coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. When treated with acid, it forms the toxic gas hydrogen cyanide:
NaCN + H+ → HCN + Na+
Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, sodium cyanide readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which is thought to smell like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait). Sodium cyanide reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:
Нишевые применения
Будучи высокотоксичным, цианид натрия применяется для быстрого уничтожения или оглушения, например, при использовании коллекционных банок энтомологами и в широко распространенной незаконной цианидной рыбалке.
Токсичность
Цианид натрия, как и другие растворимые соли цианида, относится к числу самых быстродействующих из известных ядов. NaCN – мощный ингибитор дыхания, действующий на митохондриальный цитохром-оксидазу и тем самым блокирующий транспорт электронов. Это приводит к снижению окислительного метаболизма и утилизации кислорода. Вследствие анаэробного метаболизма развивается молочнокислый ацидоз. Пероральная доза всего в 200–300 мг может быть смертельной.