Введение
Книга 2000 года Роберта Л. Парка «Наука вуду: от заблуждений к обману» – книга, опубликованная в 2000 году профессором физики Робертом Л. Парком, критически оценивающая исследования, не соответствующие научному методу. Термин «наука вуду» использовали и другие, но в академической среде он прочно ассоциируется именно с Парком. Сам Парк не объясняет, почему он выбрал слово «вуду» для обозначения четырех категорий, описанных ниже.
Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud is a book published in 2000 by physics professor Robert L. Park, critical of research that falls short of adhering to the scientific method. Other people have used the term "voodoo science", but amongst academics it is most closely associated with Park. Park offers no explanation as to why he appropriated the word voodoo to describe the four categories detailed below.
Цитаты
Я понял, что многие люди выбирают научные убеждения так же, как выбирают быть методистами, демократами или болельщиками "Чикаго Кабс". Они судят о науке по тому, насколько она соответствует их представлениям о том, каким должен быть мир. (Страницы VIII–IX)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
[П]рактикующие [псевдонауку] могут искренне верить, что занимаются наукой, подобно тому, как ведьмы и знахари могут верить в свою способность призывать сверхъестественные силы. Однако то, что начинается как честная ошибка, может постепенно, почти незаметно, перерасти в самообман, а затем и в мошенничество. Граница между заблуждением и обманом тонка. Поскольку не всегда легко определить, когда эта граница пересечена, я использую термин "вуду-наука", чтобы объединить все эти явления: патологическую науку, "мусорную" науку, псевдонауку и мошенническую науку. Эта книга призвана помочь читателю распознавать вуду-науку и понимать силы, которые, кажется, стремятся поддерживать её существование. (Страница 10)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
Целостность науки зиждется на готовности ученых подвергать свои идеи и результаты прямой проверке со стороны коллег. (Страница 16)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
Американские астронавты оказались заброшены на низкой околоземной орбите, словно пассажиры, ожидающие у заброшенного железнодорожного пути поезда, который никогда не придет, обойденные прогрессом науки. (Страница 91)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
Мало ученых или изобретателей намеренно берутся за мошенничество. Вначале большинство верит, что совершило великое открытие. Но что происходит, когда они, наконец, осознают, что все происходит не так, как они предполагали? (Страница 104)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
[Т]е уникальный американский миф о самородке-гении, борющемся против надменного и предвзятого истеблишмента. (Страница 112)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
Они делают ставку против законов термодинамики. Никто никогда не выигрывал в этой игре. (Страница 138)
[P]ractitioners [of pseudoscience] may believe it to be science, just as witches and faith healers may truly believe they can call forth supernatural powers. What may begin as an honest error, however, has a way of evolving through almost imperceptible steps from self delusion to fraud. The line between foolishness and fraud is thin. Because it is not always easy to tell when that line is crossed, I use the term voodoo science to cover them all: pathological science, junk science, pseudoscience and fraudulent science. This book is meant to help the reader to recognize voodoo science and to understand the forces that seem to conspire to keep it alive. (Page 10)
The integrity of science is anchored in the willingness of scientists to test their ideas and results in direct confrontation with their scientific peers. (Page 16)
America's astronauts have been left stranded in low Earth orbit, like passengers waiting beside an abandoned stretch of track for a train that will never come, bypassed by the advance of science. (Page 91)
Few scientists or inventors set out to commit fraud. In the beginning, most believe they have made a great discovery. But what happens when they finally realize that things are not behaving as they believed? (Page 104)
[T]he uniquely American myth of the self educated genius fighting against a pompous, close minded establishment. (Page 112)
They are betting against the laws of thermodynamics. No one has ever won that wager. (Page 138)
Прием
Мэтт Нисбет в журнале Skeptical Inquirer отметил, что реакция на книгу «Наука Вуду» была в основном положительной. Боб Голдштейн в рецензии на книгу для Nature Cell Biology описал Парка как фигуру, сопоставимую с Ричардом Докинзом и Стивеном Джей Гулдом – научными писателями, обладающими «талантом защищать рациональное и свободное от колдовства и суеверий мировоззрение». Американский химик Николас Турро написал: «Книга увлекательна и провокационна. Независимо от того, согласны вы с точкой зрения Парка на науку вуду или нет, главный посыл книги заключается в том, что если ученые не будут играть более активную роль в популяризации науки, особенно среди политиков, то наука вуду продолжит существовать». Математик Малкольм Шерман в журнале American Scientist дал книге положительный отзыв, заявив: «Парк не просто анализирует и разоблачает различные виды некачественной (“вуду”) науки. Он показывает, как достоверная наука искажается или игнорируется средствами массовой информации и теми, кто (включая ученых) стремится влиять на государственную политику». Физик Кеннет Р. Фостер также положительно оценил книгу, заключив: «Парк – убедительный и скептически настроенный голос разума в вопросах науки». В рецензии для The New York Times Эд Реджис положительно сравнил книгу с книгой Мартина Гарднера 1957 года «Моды и заблуждения во имя науки», назвав «Науку Вуду» «достойным преемником» и похвалив ее за объяснение того, почему различные претензии, выдаваемые за научные, на самом деле невозможны. Робин Макки из The Observer описал книгу как «замечательный анализ: остроумный, яркий и написанный без малейшей злобы». Рейчел Хей в своей рецензии отметила, что Парк «блестяще развенчал» псевдонаучные концепции, такие как гомеопатия, холодный синтез и вечные двигатели, но книга нелегко дается студентам. Однако профессор антропологии С. Элизабет Бёрд рекомендовала ее «студентам, которым необходимо усвоить основы научного метода». Брюс Левенштейн написал критическую рецензию, утверждая, что Парк объединил патологическую науку, «мусорную» науку, псевдонауку и мошенничество под общим названием «наука вуду», что проблематично, поскольку «каждая из этих категорий сама по себе сопряжена с трудностями в определении, историческом анализе и интерпретации». Брайан Джозефсон писал, что книга, представляя «официальную точку зрения на ряд ‘ошибочных убеждений’», не предоставляет «дополнительной информации, которая могла бы заставить усомниться в полноте этой официальной точки зрения».