Введение
Политическая организация и партии Ганы
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitution that established the Fourth Republic provided a basic charter for republican democratic government. It declares Ghana to be a unitary republic with sovereignty residing in the Ghanaian people. Intended to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, and one party states, it is designed to establish the concept of powersharing. The document reflects lessons learned from the abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, and 1979, and incorporates provisions and institutions drawn from British and American constitutional models. One controversial provision of the Constitution indemnifies members and appointees of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act or omission during the years of PNDC rule. The Constitution calls for a system of checks and balances, with power shared between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, and an independent judiciary. Shortly after independence, the dominant political party in Ghana established a one party authoritarian system of government. Prior to its democratic transition in 1992, Ghana had one party rule and military rule. The foundations of Ghanaian democracy are rooted in the 1992 Constitution which established an independent Electoral Commission and independent court system. |President
|Nana Akufo Addo
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|
|Vice President
|Mahamudu Bawumia
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|}
Nana Akufo Addo is established in the Office of the Presidency, together with his Council of State. The president is head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces. He also appoints the vice president. According to the Constitution, more than half of the presidentially appointed ministers of state must be appointed from among members of Parliament. was challenged by Nana Akufo Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia and Jake Obetsebi Lamptey at the Supreme Court of Ghana, which came out with the verdict that Mahama legally won the 2012 presidential election
This precedent which was set by Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party in 2012 was followed by John Dramani Mahama the then president, and now opposition leader and the NDC party when they petition the Highest Court of the Land to overturn the election victory of Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party on the grounds that the victory was illegal.
Политика Ганы осуществляется в рамках президентской представительной демократической республики, где президент Ганы является одновременно главой государства и главой правительства, а также существует двухпартийная система. Резиденция правительства находится в Доме Золотого Юбилея. Исполнительная власть принадлежит правительству. Законодательная власть принадлежит как правительству, так и парламенту. Судебная власть независима от исполнительной и законодательной ветвей власти. Конституция, учредившая Четвертую республику, закрепила основные принципы республиканского демократического управления. Она провозглашает Гану унитарной республикой, суверенитет которой принадлежит народу Ганы. Конституция призвана предотвратить будущие перевороты, диктаторские режимы и однопартийные государства, и направлена на установление принципа разделения властей. Документ учитывает опыт, полученный при отмене конституций 1957, 1960, 1969 и 1979 годов, и включает положения и институты, заимствованные из британских и американских конституционных моделей. Одно из спорных положений Конституции предоставляет членам и назначенцам Временного национального совета обороны (PNDC) иммунитет от ответственности за любые действия или бездействие, совершенные в период правления PNDC. Конституция предусматривает систему сдержек и противовесов, при которой власть разделена между президентом, однопалатным парламентом, Государственным советом и независимой судебной системой. Вскоре после обретения независимости доминирующая политическая партия в Гане установила однопартийную авторитарную систему правления. До демократического перехода в 1992 году в Гане существовали однопартийное и военное правление. Основы ганской демократии заложены в Конституции 1992 года, которая учредила независимую избирательную комиссию и независимую судебную систему.
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitution that established the Fourth Republic provided a basic charter for republican democratic government. It declares Ghana to be a unitary republic with sovereignty residing in the Ghanaian people. Intended to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, and one party states, it is designed to establish the concept of powersharing. The document reflects lessons learned from the abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, and 1979, and incorporates provisions and institutions drawn from British and American constitutional models. One controversial provision of the Constitution indemnifies members and appointees of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act or omission during the years of PNDC rule. The Constitution calls for a system of checks and balances, with power shared between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, and an independent judiciary. Shortly after independence, the dominant political party in Ghana established a one party authoritarian system of government. Prior to its democratic transition in 1992, Ghana had one party rule and military rule. The foundations of Ghanaian democracy are rooted in the 1992 Constitution which established an independent Electoral Commission and independent court system. |President
|Nana Akufo Addo
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|
|Vice President
|Mahamudu Bawumia
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|}
Nana Akufo Addo is established in the Office of the Presidency, together with his Council of State. The president is head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces. He also appoints the vice president. According to the Constitution, more than half of the presidentially appointed ministers of state must be appointed from among members of Parliament. was challenged by Nana Akufo Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia and Jake Obetsebi Lamptey at the Supreme Court of Ghana, which came out with the verdict that Mahama legally won the 2012 presidential election
This precedent which was set by Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party in 2012 was followed by John Dramani Mahama the then president, and now opposition leader and the NDC party when they petition the Highest Court of the Land to overturn the election victory of Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party on the grounds that the victory was illegal.
|Президент|Нана Акуфо Аддо|
|---|---|
|Новая патриотическая партия| |
|7 января 2017| |
|Вице-президент|Махамуду Баумия|
|Новая патриотическая партия| |
|7 января 2017| |
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitution that established the Fourth Republic provided a basic charter for republican democratic government. It declares Ghana to be a unitary republic with sovereignty residing in the Ghanaian people. Intended to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, and one party states, it is designed to establish the concept of powersharing. The document reflects lessons learned from the abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, and 1979, and incorporates provisions and institutions drawn from British and American constitutional models. One controversial provision of the Constitution indemnifies members and appointees of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act or omission during the years of PNDC rule. The Constitution calls for a system of checks and balances, with power shared between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, and an independent judiciary. Shortly after independence, the dominant political party in Ghana established a one party authoritarian system of government. Prior to its democratic transition in 1992, Ghana had one party rule and military rule. The foundations of Ghanaian democracy are rooted in the 1992 Constitution which established an independent Electoral Commission and independent court system. |President
|Nana Akufo Addo
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|
|Vice President
|Mahamudu Bawumia
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|}
Nana Akufo Addo is established in the Office of the Presidency, together with his Council of State. The president is head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces. He also appoints the vice president. According to the Constitution, more than half of the presidentially appointed ministers of state must be appointed from among members of Parliament. was challenged by Nana Akufo Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia and Jake Obetsebi Lamptey at the Supreme Court of Ghana, which came out with the verdict that Mahama legally won the 2012 presidential election
This precedent which was set by Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party in 2012 was followed by John Dramani Mahama the then president, and now opposition leader and the NDC party when they petition the Highest Court of the Land to overturn the election victory of Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party on the grounds that the victory was illegal.
Нана Акуфо Аддо осуществляет свои полномочия из Офиса Президента вместе со своим Государственным советом. Президент является главой государства, главой правительства и главнокомандующим вооруженными силами. Он также назначает вице-президента. Согласно Конституции, более половины министров, назначаемых президентом, должны быть назначены из числа членов парламента. Правомерность этого положения была оспорена Наной Акуфо Аддо, Махамуду Баумией и Джейком Обетсеби Лампти в Верховном суде Ганы, который вынес решение о законности победы Махамы на президентских выборах 2012 года.
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitution that established the Fourth Republic provided a basic charter for republican democratic government. It declares Ghana to be a unitary republic with sovereignty residing in the Ghanaian people. Intended to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, and one party states, it is designed to establish the concept of powersharing. The document reflects lessons learned from the abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, and 1979, and incorporates provisions and institutions drawn from British and American constitutional models. One controversial provision of the Constitution indemnifies members and appointees of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act or omission during the years of PNDC rule. The Constitution calls for a system of checks and balances, with power shared between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, and an independent judiciary. Shortly after independence, the dominant political party in Ghana established a one party authoritarian system of government. Prior to its democratic transition in 1992, Ghana had one party rule and military rule. The foundations of Ghanaian democracy are rooted in the 1992 Constitution which established an independent Electoral Commission and independent court system. |President
|Nana Akufo Addo
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|
|Vice President
|Mahamudu Bawumia
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|}
Nana Akufo Addo is established in the Office of the Presidency, together with his Council of State. The president is head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces. He also appoints the vice president. According to the Constitution, more than half of the presidentially appointed ministers of state must be appointed from among members of Parliament. was challenged by Nana Akufo Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia and Jake Obetsebi Lamptey at the Supreme Court of Ghana, which came out with the verdict that Mahama legally won the 2012 presidential election
This precedent which was set by Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party in 2012 was followed by John Dramani Mahama the then president, and now opposition leader and the NDC party when they petition the Highest Court of the Land to overturn the election victory of Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party on the grounds that the victory was illegal.
Этот прецедент, установленный Наной Акуфо Аддо и партией NPP в 2012 году, был использован Джоном Драмани Махамой, тогдашним президентом, а ныне лидером оппозиции и партией NDC, когда они обратились в Высший суд страны с просьбой отменить победу Наны Акуфо Аддо и партии NPP на выборах, мотивируя это тем, что победа была незаконной.
Politics of Ghana takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Ghana is both head of state and head of government, and of a two party system. The seat of government is at Golden Jubilee House. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The constitution that established the Fourth Republic provided a basic charter for republican democratic government. It declares Ghana to be a unitary republic with sovereignty residing in the Ghanaian people. Intended to prevent future coups, dictatorial government, and one party states, it is designed to establish the concept of powersharing. The document reflects lessons learned from the abrogated constitutions of 1957, 1960, 1969, and 1979, and incorporates provisions and institutions drawn from British and American constitutional models. One controversial provision of the Constitution indemnifies members and appointees of the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) from liability for any official act or omission during the years of PNDC rule. The Constitution calls for a system of checks and balances, with power shared between a president, a unicameral parliament, a council of state, and an independent judiciary. Shortly after independence, the dominant political party in Ghana established a one party authoritarian system of government. Prior to its democratic transition in 1992, Ghana had one party rule and military rule. The foundations of Ghanaian democracy are rooted in the 1992 Constitution which established an independent Electoral Commission and independent court system. |President
|Nana Akufo Addo
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|
|Vice President
|Mahamudu Bawumia
|New Patriotic Party
|7 January 2017
|}
Nana Akufo Addo is established in the Office of the Presidency, together with his Council of State. The president is head of state, head of government, and commander in chief of the armed forces. He also appoints the vice president. According to the Constitution, more than half of the presidentially appointed ministers of state must be appointed from among members of Parliament. was challenged by Nana Akufo Addo, Mahamudu Bawumia and Jake Obetsebi Lamptey at the Supreme Court of Ghana, which came out with the verdict that Mahama legally won the 2012 presidential election
This precedent which was set by Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party in 2012 was followed by John Dramani Mahama the then president, and now opposition leader and the NDC party when they petition the Highest Court of the Land to overturn the election victory of Nana Akufo Addo and the NPP party on the grounds that the victory was illegal.
Законодательная власть
Законодательные функции возложены на Парламент, который состоит из однопалатного органа в 275 членов и спикера. Чтобы закон вступил в силу, необходимо одобрение президента, который обладает квалифицированным правом вето на все законопроекты, за исключением тех, к которым приложена процедура срочного рассмотрения. Депутаты избираются на четырехлетний срок в одномандатных округах путем голосования простым большинством. В соответствии с законом Дюверже, избирательная система привела к формированию двухпартийной системы в Гане, что означает доминирование двух политических партий и крайне затруднительный доступ к избирательному успеху для любых других партий. Выборы проводятся каждые четыре года с 1992 года. Президентские и парламентские выборы обычно проводятся одновременно, 7 декабря.
Последние политические события
Кандидат от правящей партии Нана Акуфо Аддо потерпел поражение на очень близких выборах от Джона Атта Миллса из Национального демократического конгресса (НДК) по итогам президентских выборов в Гане в 2008 году. Миллс скончался по естественным причинам и был заменен вице-президентом Джоном Драмани Махамой 24 июля 2012 года. По итогам президентских выборов в Гане в 2012 году Джон Драмани Махама был избран президентом и приведен к присяге 7 января 2013 года. Гана являлась стабильной демократией. В результате президентских выборов в Гане в 2016 году Нана Акуфо Аддо был избран президентом и приведен к присяге в качестве пятого президента Четвертой Республики Гана и восьмого президента Ганы 7 января 2017 года. В декабре 2020 года президент Нана Акуфо Аддо был переизбран после напряженной избирательной кампании.
Судебная власть
Структура и власть судебной власти независимы от двух других ветвей власти. Судебная власть Ганы отвечает за толкование, применение и исполнение законов Ганы и существует для справедливого и компетентного разрешения правовых конфликтов. Верховный суд Ганы обладает широкими полномочиями по судебному пересмотру. Конституция уполномочивает его выносить решения о конституционности любого законодательства или исполнительного действия по запросу любого гражданина, чьи права нарушены. Иерархия судов во многом восходит к британским юридическим формам. Суды обладают юрисдикцией по всем гражданским и уголовным делам. В их состав входят Высшие суды, учрежденные Конституцией 1992 года, и нижестоящие суды, учрежденные Парламентом. Высшие суды, в порядке убывания, включают Верховный суд Ганы, Апелляционный суд, Высокий суд и десять региональных трибуналов. Нижестоящие суды, с момента принятия Закона о судах 2002 года, включают окружные суды, суды магистратов и специальные суды, такие как суды по делам несовершеннолетних. В 2007 году Джорджина Вуд стала первой женщиной, занявшей должность главного судьи Верховного суда Ганы. 11 мая 2011 года Нана Акуфо-Аддо назначил Софию Абену Боафоа Акуффо на должность главного судьи Ганы, сменив Джорджину Вуд. Она была официально введена в должность 19 июня 2017 года и ушла в отставку 20 декабря 2019 года. Во вторник, 7 января 2020 года, Нана Аддо Данква Акуфо-Аддо привел к присяге Кваси Анин Ебоа в качестве следующего главного судьи Ганы, заменив Софию А. Б. Акуффо. Он ушел в отставку 24 мая 2023 года после 21 года работы судьей и 3 лет в качестве главы судебной власти Ганы. Действующим главным судьей является Гертруда Араба Исааба Сакки Торкорнуо, которая была приведена к присяге 12 июня 2023 года.
Участие в международной организации
Гана является членом АКТ, АБР, АС, С, ЭКОВАС, ФАО, G 24, G 77, МАГАТЭ, МБРР, ИКАО, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, МККК, МОТ, МВФ, ИМО, Интерпола, МОК, МОМ (наблюдатель), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, Движения неприсоединения, OAS (наблюдатель), ONUB, OPCW, ООН, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, ЮНЕСКО, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, ВФТУ, ВОЗ, WIPO, ВМО, WToO, ВТО.