Введение
Наука определения местоположения точек и расстояний и углов между ними, измерение позиций на Земле.
measuring positions on Earth
Геодезия – это техника, профессия, искусство и наука определения двух- или трехмерных координат точек на земной поверхности, а также расстояний и углов между ними. Эти точки обычно располагаются на поверхности Земли и часто используются для создания карт и установления границ собственности, определения местоположения объектов, таких как проектные позиции строительных конструкций или поверхностное расположение подземных сооружений, или для других целей, требуемых государственным или гражданским законодательством, например, при купле-продаже недвижимости. Специалист в области геодезии называется геодезистом. Геодезисты используют знания геодезии, геометрии, тригонометрии, регрессионного анализа, физики, инженерии, метрологии, языков программирования и права. В своей работе они применяют такое оборудование, как тахеометры, роботизированные тахеометры, теодолиты, GNSS-приемники, отражатели, 3D-сканеры, лидарные датчики, радиостанции, инклинометры, портативные планшеты, оптические и цифровые уровни, подземные искатели, беспилотные летательные аппараты (дроны), ГИС и геодезическое программное обеспечение. Геодезия была важной частью развития человеческой среды на протяжении всей истории. Она применяется при планировании и реализации большинства строительных проектов, а также в транспортной отрасли, связи, картографии и установлении юридических границ земельных участков. Это важный инструмент для исследований в различных научных областях.
Древняя история
Геодезические работы проводились с тех пор, как люди построили первые крупные сооружения. В Древнем Египте землемер использовал простую геометрию для восстановления границ после ежегодных разливов реки Нил. Почти идеальная прямоугольность и ориентация по сторонам света Великой пирамиды Гизы, построенной около 2700 года до н.э., свидетельствуют о мастерстве египтян в геодезии. Инструмент грома, возможно, возник в Месопотамии (начало 1-го тысячелетия до нашей эры). Доисторический памятник Стоунхендж (около 2500 года до н.э.) был размечен доисторическими землемерами с использованием геометрии колышков и веревок. Математик Лю Хуэй описал способы измерения удалённых объектов в своей работе «Хайдао Суаньцзин», или «Математическое руководство по морским островам», опубликованной в 263 году нашей эры. Римляне признали землемерие профессией. Они установили основные измерения, по которым была разделена Римская империя, такие как кадастр завоеванных земель (300 год нашей эры). Римские землемеры были известны как громатики. В средневековой Европе обход границ поддерживал границы деревни или прихода. Эта практика заключалась в том, что группа жителей обходила приход или деревню, чтобы закрепить в памяти общее представление о границах. В обход включали молодых мальчиков, чтобы память о границах сохранилась как можно дольше. В Англии Вильгельм Завоеватель в 1086 году заказал составление «Книги Страшного суда». В ней были записаны имена всех землевладельцев, площадь принадлежащей им земли, её качество, а также подробная информация о содержимом и жителях местности. Карты с указанием точного местоположения в книге отсутствовали.
Современная эпоха
Абель Фуллон описал плоский стол в 1551 году, но считается, что инструмент использовался и ранее, поскольку его описание относится к усовершенствованному инструменту. Цепь Гюнтера была введена в 1620 году английским математиком Эдмундом Гюнтером. Она позволила точно проводить съемку земельных участков и составлять планы для юридических и коммерческих целей. Леонард Диггес описал теодолит, измеряющий горизонтальные углы, в своей книге «Геометрическая практика под названием Пантометрия» (1571). Джошуа Хабермель (Эразм Хабермель) создал теодолит с компасом и штативом в 1576 году. Джоннатон Сиссион первым в 1725 году установил телескоп на теодолит. В XVIII веке начали применяться современные методы и инструменты для геодезических работ. Джесси Рамсден представил первый прецизионный теодолит в 1787 году. Это был инструмент для измерения углов в горизонтальной и вертикальной плоскостях. Он создал свой выдающийся теодолит, используя точный делительный механизм собственной конструкции. Теодолит Рамсдена стал значительным шагом вперед в точности прибора. Уильям Гаскойн изобрел прибор, использующий телескоп с перекрестным волосом в качестве прицельного устройства, в 1640 году. Джеймс Уатт разработал оптический дальномер для измерения расстояния в 1771 году; он измерял параллактический угол, по которому можно было определить расстояние до точки. Голландский математик Виллеброрд Снеллиус (также известный как Снель ван Ройен) ввел современное систематическое использование триангуляции. В 1615 году он провел съемку расстояния от Алкмара до Бреды, приблизительно 72 мили (116 км). Он недооценил это расстояние на 3,5%. Съемка представляла собой цепочку четырехугольников, содержащих в общей сложности 33 треугольника. Снеллиус показал, как можно корректировать плоские формулы с учетом кривизны Земли. Он также показал, как определить положение точки внутри треугольника по углам, образованным вершинами в неизвестной точке. Эти углы можно было измерить точнее, чем пеленги вершин, которые зависели от компаса. Его работа заложила основу для создания основной сети опорных пунктов и последующего определения вспомогательных точек внутри этой сети. Между 1733 и 1740 годами Жак Кассини и его сын Сезар провели первую триангуляцию Франции, включая повторную съемку дуги меридиана, что привело к публикации в 1745 году первой карты Франции, построенной на строгих научных принципах. К этому времени методы триангуляции были хорошо отработаны для создания местных карт. Лишь к концу XVIII века стали проводиться подробные триангуляционные съемки, охватывающие целые страны. В 1784 году группа из Ордонансного обследования Великобритании под руководством генерала Уильяма Роя начала Главную триангуляцию Великобритании. Первый теодолит Рамсдена был изготовлен для этой съемки. Съемка была окончательно завершена в 1853 году. Великое тригонометрическое обследование Индии началось в 1801 году. Индийская съемка оказала огромное научное влияние. Она была ответственна за одно из первых точных измерений участка дуги меридиана и за измерения геодезической аномалии. В ходе съемки были названы и нанесены на карту Эверест и другие вершины Гималаев. Геодезия стала востребованной профессией в начале XIX века с наступлением промышленной революции. Профессия разработала более точные инструменты для облегчения своей работы. Геодезисты использовались в проектах промышленной инфраструктуры для прокладки каналов, дорог и железных дорог. В США Земельный указ 1785 года создал Систему государственного земельного обследования (PLSS). Она легла в основу разделения западных территорий на секции для продажи земли. PLSS разделила штаты на сети поселений, которые были далее разделены на секции и части секций. В конце 1950-х годов Геодиметр представил электронное оборудование для измерения расстояний (EDM). Устройства EDM используют многочастотный фазовый сдвиг световых волн для определения расстояния. Эти приборы устранили необходимость в измерениях цепью, занимавших дни или недели, позволяя измерять расстояния между точками, расположенными на расстоянии километров друг от друга, за один прием. Достижения в электронике позволили миниатюризировать EDM. В 1970-х годах появились первые приборы, сочетающие измерение углов и расстояний, известные как тахеометры. Производители постепенно добавляли оборудование, улучшая точность и скорость измерений. К основным достижениям относятся компенсаторы наклона, регистраторы данных и бортовые вычислительные программы. Первой системой спутникового позиционирования была военно-морская система США TRANSIT. Первый успешный запуск состоялся в 1960 году. Основной целью системы было предоставление информации о местоположении подводным лодкам с баллистическими ракетами «Поларис». Геодезисты обнаружили, что они могут использовать полевые приемники для определения местоположения точки. Недостаточное покрытие спутниками и громоздкое оборудование делали наблюдения трудоемкими и неточными. Основным применением было создание реперов в отдаленных районах. Военно-воздушные силы США запустили первые прототипы спутников Глобальной системы позиционирования (GPS) в 1978 году. GPS использовал большее созвездие спутников и улучшенную передачу сигналов, что повысило точность. Первые наблюдения GPS требовали нескольких часов наблюдений стационарным приемником для достижения требуемой точности геодезических измерений. Последующие улучшения как спутников, так и приемников позволили использовать кинематическую геодезию в реальном времени (RTK). Геодезические измерения RTK обеспечивают высокую точность, используя фиксированную базовую станцию и второй передвижной антенной. Положение передвижной антенны можно отслеживать.
21 век
Основными методами, используемыми в настоящее время, остаются теодолит, тахеометр и RTK GPS-съемка. Дистанционное зондирование и спутниковые снимки продолжают совершенствоваться и дешеветь, что делает их использование более распространенным. Среди заметных новых технологий – трехмерное (3D) сканирование и топографические съемки на основе лидара. Также появляются технологии беспилотных летательных аппаратов (БПЛА) в сочетании с фотограмметрической обработкой изображений.
Оборудование
Основными геодезическими приборами, используемыми во всем мире, являются теодолит, измерительная лента, тотальная станция, 3D-сканеры, GPS/GNSS, нивелир и рейка. Большинство приборов при использовании закрепляются на штативе. Рулетки часто используются для измерения небольших расстояний. Также применяются 3D-сканеры и различные виды аэрофотосъемки. Теодолит – это прибор для измерения углов. Он использует два отдельных круга, лимба или алидады для измерения углов в горизонтальной и вертикальной плоскостях. Телескоп, установленный на цапфах, наводится вертикально на целевой объект. Вся верхняя секция вращается для горизонтального наведения. Вертикальный круг измеряет угол между телескопом и вертикалью, известный как зенитный угол. Горизонтальный круг состоит из верхнего и нижнего диска. При начале съемки геодезист наводит прибор в известном направлении (азимуте) и фиксирует нижний диск. Затем прибор можно вращать для измерения азимута на другие объекты. Если азимут неизвестен или требуется прямое измерение угла, прибор можно установить на ноль при первоначальном наведении. В этом случае он будет показывать угол между исходным объектом, самим теодолитом и точкой, на которую наведен телескоп. Гиротеодолит – это разновидность теодолита, использующая гироскоп для ориентации в отсутствие ориентиров. Он применяется в подземных работах. Тотальная станция – это усовершенствованный теодолит, оснащенный электронным дальномером (EDM). Тотальную станцию можно использовать для нивелирования при установке в горизонтальную плоскость. С момента их появления тотальные станции эволюционировали от оптико-механических устройств к полностью электронным. Современные высококлассные тотальные станции не требуют отражателя или призмы для возврата световых импульсов, используемых для измерения расстояний. Они полностью роботизированы и могут даже отправлять данные о точке на удаленный компьютер и подключаться к спутниковым системам позиционирования, таким как Глобальная система позиционирования (GPS). Системы RTK GPS значительно повысили скорость геодезических работ, обеспечивая горизонтальную точность до 1 см ± 1 ppm в реальном времени, а вертикальную – около половины этого значения, до 2 см ± 2 ppm. Геодезические измерения с помощью GPS отличаются от других применений GPS используемым оборудованием и методами. Статический GPS использует два приемника, установленных в фиксированном положении в течение продолжительного времени. Длительность измерений позволяет приемникам сравнивать данные по мере движения спутников по орбите. Изменения в положении спутников также обеспечивают измерительной сети благоприятную геометрию. Это обеспечивает высокую точность базовой линии длиной более 20 км. RTK-съемка использует одну стационарную и одну передвижную антенну. Стационарная антенна отслеживает изменения в положении спутников и атмосферных условиях. Геодезист использует передвижную антенну для измерения необходимых точек. Обе антенны используют радиосвязь, позволяющую стационарной антенне передавать поправки на передвижную антенну. Передвижная антенна применяет эти поправки к принимаемым сигналам GPS для вычисления своего местоположения. RTK-съемка охватывает меньшие расстояния, чем статические методы, поскольку ухудшение условий на большем удалении от базовой станции снижает точность. Геодезические приборы обладают характеристиками, определяющими их пригодность для конкретных задач. Теодолиты и нивелиры часто используются строителями, а не геодезистами в развитых странах. Строитель может выполнять простые геодезические задачи с помощью относительно недорогого прибора. Тотальные станции являются незаменимым инструментом для многих профессиональных геодезистов благодаря своей универсальности и надежности в любых условиях. Повышение производительности при использовании GPS при масштабных съемках делает их популярными для крупных инфраструктурных проектов и сбора данных. Роботизированные тотальные станции, управляемые одним человеком, позволяют геодезистам проводить измерения без дополнительных рабочих для наведения телескопа или записи данных. Быстрый, но дорогостоящий способ измерения больших площадей – использование вертолета с GPS для определения его местоположения и лазерного сканера для измерения рельефа. Для повышения точности геодезисты устанавливают наземные маяки на расстоянии около [указать расстояние] друг от друга. Этот метод обеспечивает точность от 5 до 40 см (в зависимости от высоты полета). Геодезисты используют вспомогательное оборудование, такое как штативы и подставки для приборов; рейки и маяки для наведения; средства индивидуальной защиты; оборудование для расчистки растительности; инструменты для раскопок с целью поиска геодезических знаков, захороненных со временем; молотки для установки знаков в различных поверхностях и конструкциях; и портативные радиостанции для связи на больших расстояниях прямой видимости.
Программное обеспечение
Геодезисты, специалисты в области строительства, инженеры-геоматики и инженеры-строители, использующие тахеометры, GPS, 3D-сканеры и другое оборудование для сбора данных, применяют программное обеспечение для геодезических работ для повышения эффективности, точности и производительности. Программное обеспечение для геодезии является неотъемлемой частью современной геодезической практики. Как правило, геодезист выполняет большую часть, если не всю, чертежную и некоторую проектную работу для планов и межевых схем обследуемого участка. Почти все специалисты, работающие в области черчения сегодня (2021 год), используют программное и аппаратное обеспечение CAD как на персональных компьютерах, так и во все более современных полевых коллекторах данных. Другие компьютерные платформы и инструменты, обычно используемые геодезистами, предоставляются онлайн федеральным правительством США и другими государственными геодезическими службами, такими как Национальная геодезическая служба и сеть CORS, для получения автоматических поправок и преобразований для собранных данных GPS, а также для работы с системами координат данных.
Техника
Геодезисты определяют положение объектов, измеряя углы и расстояния. Также измеряются факторы, влияющие на точность их наблюдений. Затем они используют эти данные для создания векторов, азимутов, координат, отметок высот, площадей, объемов, планов и карт. Измерения часто разделяют на горизонтальные и вертикальные составляющие для упрощения вычислений. Для GPS и астрономических измерений также необходимо измерение временной составляющей.
Измерение расстояния
До появления лазерных устройств ЭИР (электронного измерения расстояний) расстояния измерялись различными способами. В доколониальной Америке коренные жители использовали "выстрел из лука" как единицу измерения расстояния ("на расстояние, на которое можно выстрелить из лука стрелу", или "дальность полёта лука чероки"). Европейцы использовали цепи с звеньями известной длины, такие как цепь Гюнтера, или измерительные ленты из стали или инвара. Для измерения горизонтальных расстояний эти цепи или ленты натягивали, чтобы уменьшить провисание и ослабление. Необходимо было учитывать тепловое расширение. Также предпринимались попытки удерживать измерительный прибор в горизонтальном положении. При измерении расстояния по склону геодезисту иногда приходилось "разбивать" (разрывать цепь) измерение, используя приращение, меньшее полной длины цепи. Для измерения больших расстояний использовались периламбуляторы, или измерительные колёса, но с невысокой точностью. Тахеометрия – это наука об измерении расстояний путём измерения угла между двумя концами объекта известного размера. Её иногда использовали до изобретения ЭИР, когда неровная местность делала измерение цепью непрактичным.
Измерение угла
Исторически горизонтальные углы измерялись с помощью компаса для определения магнитного пеленга или азимута. Позже более точные диски с разметкой улучшили угловое разрешение. Установка телескопов с сетками на вершине диска позволила более точное прицеливание (см. теодолит). Уровни и градуированные лимбы позволяли измерять вертикальные углы. Нониусы обеспечивали измерение с точностью до долей градуса, например, на рубеже веков с использованием теодолита. Плоская таблица предоставляла графический метод записи и измерения углов, что снижало объем необходимых математических расчетов. В 1829 году Фрэнсис Рональдс изобрел отражательный инструмент для графической регистрации углов путем модификации октанта. Наблюдая пеленг от каждой вершины фигуры, геодезист может выполнить обход фигуры по периметру. Последнее наблюдение будет между двумя первыми наблюдаемыми точками, за исключением разницы в 180°. Это называется замыканием. Если начальный и конечный пеленги не совпадают, это указывает на ошибку в геодезической съемке, называемую угловым расхождением. Геодезист может использовать эту информацию для подтверждения соответствия выполненной работы установленным стандартам.
Выровняемость
Самый простой метод измерения высоты – это использование альтиметра, который определяет высоту по давлению воздуха. Когда требуются более точные измерения, применяются такие инструменты, как прецизионные уровни (также известные как дифференциальная нивелировка). При прецизионной нивелировке выполняется серия измерений между двумя точками с использованием нивелира и рейки. Разности высот между измерениями последовательно складываются и вычитаются для получения результирующей разницы высот между двумя конечными точками. С помощью глобальной системы позиционирования (GPS) высоту можно измерять с помощью спутниковых приемников. Обычно GPS несколько менее точен, чем традиционная прецизионная нивелировка, но может быть сопоставим на больших расстояниях. При использовании оптического нивелира конечная точка может оказаться за пределами эффективной дальности прибора. Между конечными точками могут быть препятствия или значительные перепады высот. В таких случаях требуются дополнительные установки. Термин "поворот" используется для обозначения перемещения нивелира для выполнения измерения высоты с другой позиции. Чтобы "повернуть" нивелир, необходимо сначала снять отметку и записать высоту точки, на которой установлена рейка. При этом рейка удерживается в точном том же положении, нивелир перемещается в новую позицию, где рейка остается видимой. С новой позиции нивелира производится снятие отметки, а разность высот используется для определения новой высоты установки нивелира, поэтому этот метод называется дифференциальной нивелировкой. Эта процедура повторяется до завершения серии измерений. Нивелир должен быть установлен горизонтально для получения достоверного измерения. Из-за этого, если горизонтальная перекрестная сетка нивелира находится ниже основания рейки, геодезист не сможет навести нивелир на рейку и получить отметку. Рейку обычно можно поднять на высоту до 25 футов (8 м), что позволяет установить нивелир значительно выше основания рейки.
Определение позиции
Основной способ определения своего местоположения на поверхности Земли при отсутствии известных ориентиров поблизости – астрономические наблюдения. Наблюдения за Солнцем, Луной и звездами можно было проводить, используя навигационные приемы. Как только положение инструмента и направление на звезду определены, это направление можно перенести на опорную точку на Земле. Эта точка затем может служить базой для дальнейших наблюдений. Получение точных астрономических координат было сложным в плане наблюдений и вычислений, поэтому они часто служили основой для множества других измерений. С появлением системы GPS астрономические наблюдения стали редкостью, поскольку GPS позволяет определять достаточно точные координаты на большей части земной поверхности.
Справочные сети
Немногие геодезические пункты выводятся из первых принципов. Вместо этого большинство точек обследования измеряются относительно ранее измеренных пунктов. Это формирует опорную или контрольную сеть, где каждый пункт может быть использован геодезистом для определения собственного положения при начале нового обследования. Геодезические пункты обычно обозначаются на земной поверхности объектами – от небольших гвоздей, вбитых в землю, до крупных маяков, видимых на больших расстояниях. Геодезисты могут устанавливать свои инструменты в этих пунктах и производить измерения до близлежащих объектов. Иногда высокое, хорошо заметное сооружение, такое как шпиль или радиоантенна, используется в качестве опорного пункта, относительно которого измеряются углы. Триангуляция – это метод горизонтальной привязки, который был популярен до появления измерений с помощью ЭДМ и GPS. Он позволяет определять расстояния, высоты и направления между удаленными объектами. С первых дней геодезии это был основной метод определения точного положения объектов для топографических карт больших территорий. Сначала геодезисту необходимо знать горизонтальное расстояние между двумя объектами, называемое базовой линией. Затем можно определить высоты, расстояния и угловое положение других объектов, если они видны с одного из исходных пунктов. Для повышения точности использовались высокоточные теодилеты или транзиты, а угловые измерения повторялись. См. также Триангуляция в трех измерениях. Офсетная съемка – альтернативный метод определения положения объектов, часто используемый для измерения нечетких объектов, таких как берега рек. Геодезист отмечает и измеряет две известные точки на земле, примерно параллельные объекту, и определяет между ними базовую линию. С регулярными интервалами измеряется расстояние под прямым углом от первой линии до объекта. Затем измерения наносятся на план или карту, а точки на концах офсетных линий соединяются для отображения объекта. Прохождение (или теодолитный ход) – распространенный метод обследования небольших территорий. Геодезист начинает с существующего опорного пункта или известного положения и создает сеть опорных пунктов, охватывающую обследуемую территорию. Затем он измеряет углы и расстояния между опорными пунктами и целевыми объектами. Большинство теодолитных ходов образуют замкнутую петлю или связывают два ранее известных опорных пункта, чтобы геодезист мог проверить свои измерения.
Системы дат и координат
Многие геодезические изыскания не определяют абсолютные положения на поверхности Земли, а измеряют относительные положения объектов. Однако часто необходимо сопоставлять результаты изысканий с внешними данными, такими как границы участков или объекты предыдущих изысканий. Самый старый способ описания положения – это широта и долгота, часто дополняемые высотой над уровнем моря. С развитием геодезии были разработаны декартовы системы координат для упрощения расчетов при изысканиях небольших участков Земли. Простейшие системы координат исходят из предположения о плоскостности Земли и отсчитывают координаты от произвольной точки, называемой «датирум» (единственное число от «данные»). Такая система координат позволяет легко вычислять расстояния и направления между объектами на небольших территориях. На больших площадях возникают искажения из-за кривизны Земли. Направление на север часто определяется как истинный север в датируме. Для больших регионов необходимо моделировать форму Земли, используя эллипсоид или геоид. Многие страны создали собственные координатные сетки, оптимизированные для минимизации погрешностей на своей территории.
Ошибки и точность
Основным принципом геодезии является то, что любое измерение содержит погрешность, и всегда присутствует определенное количество ошибок. Существует три класса геодезических ошибок:
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
Грубые ошибки или погрешности: ошибки, допущенные геодезистом в процессе измерений. Неправильная установка прибора, неверное наведение на цель или ошибочная запись показаний – все это примеры грубых ошибок. Значительная грубая ошибка может снизить точность до недопустимого уровня. Поэтому геодезисты используют избыточные измерения и независимые проверки для выявления этих ошибок на ранних стадиях работы.
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
Систематические ошибки: ошибки, которые проявляются по определенной закономерности. Примеры включают влияние температуры на мерную ленту или приборы электронного дальномера (ЭДМ), а также неправильно отрегулированный уровень, вызывающий наклон прибора или визирного столба. Систематические ошибки с известным влиянием могут быть компенсированы или устранены.
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
Случайные ошибки: Случайные ошибки – это небольшие, неизбежные флуктуации. Они обусловлены несовершенством измерительного оборудования, человеческим фактором (зрение) и внешними условиями. Их можно минимизировать за счет повторных измерений и избегания нестабильных условий. Случайные ошибки, как правило, компенсируют друг друга, но необходимо проводить проверки, чтобы убедиться, что они не переносятся с одного измерения на другое. Геодезисты предотвращают эти ошибки путем калибровки оборудования, использования последовательных методов и грамотного проектирования опорной сети. Повторные измерения можно усреднять, а выбросы – исключать. Используются независимые проверки, такие как измерение точки с двух или более позиций или применение двух различных методов. Ошибки выявляются путем сравнения результатов нескольких измерений, что обеспечивает избыточность.
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
После расчета уровня ошибок в выполненной работе производится уравнивание. Это процесс распределения погрешности между всеми измерениями. Каждое наблюдение получает вес в зависимости от предполагаемой доли в общей ошибке, и соответствующая часть ошибки распределяется пропорционально. Наиболее распространенными методами уравнивания являются метод Боудича, также известный как правило компаса, и метод наименьших квадратов.
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
Геодезист должен уметь различать точность и прецизионность. В Соединенных Штатах геодезисты и инженеры-строители используют футы, где геодезический фут делится на десятые и сотые доли. Многие документы, содержащие расстояния, часто выражаются в этих единицах (например, 125,25 фута). Что касается точности, то геодезисты часто ориентируются на стандарт в одну сотую фута, что составляет примерно 1/8 дюйма. Допуски при расчетах и картографировании значительно меньше, и стремятся к достижению почти идеального замыкания контура. Хотя допуски могут варьироваться в зависимости от проекта, в полевых условиях и при повседневной работе превышение одной сотой фута часто нецелесообразно.
Gross errors or blunders: Errors made by the surveyor during the survey. Upsetting the instrument, misaiming a target, or writing down a wrong measurement are all gross errors. A large gross error may reduce the accuracy to an unacceptable level. Therefore, surveyors use redundant measurements and independent checks to detect these errors early in the survey. Systematic: Errors that follow a consistent pattern. Examples include effects of temperature on a chain or EDM measurement, or a poorly adjusted spirit level causing a tilted instrument or target pole. Systematic errors that have known effects can be compensated or corrected. Random: Random errors are small unavoidable fluctuations. They are caused by imperfections in measuring equipment, eyesight, and conditions. They can be minimized by redundancy of measurement and avoiding unstable conditions. Random errors tend to cancel each other out, but checks must be made to ensure they are not propagating from one measurement to the next. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy. Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way. The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and 100ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units (125.25 ft). On the subject of accuracy, surveyors are often held to a standard of one one hundredth of a foot; about 1/8 inch. Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near perfect closures are desired. Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a 100th of a foot is often impractical.
Типы
Местные организации или регулирующие органы классифицируют специализации геодезических работ по-разному. Основные группы:
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Геодезическая съемка "как построено": съемка, документирующая фактическое местоположение недавно возведенных элементов строительного проекта. Съемки "как построено" выполняются для ведения документации, оценки завершения работ и расчетов оплаты. Такая съемка также известна как "исполнительная съемка". Съемки "как построено" часто представляются в красном цвете или в виде красной линии и накладываются на существующие планы для сравнения с проектной документацией.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Кадастровая или межевая съемка: съемка, устанавливающая или восстанавливающая границы земельного участка на основе правоустанавливающих документов. Она включает в себя установку или восстановление межевых знаков на углах или вдоль границ участка. Эти знаки могут быть в виде железных прутьев, труб или бетонных монолитов в земле, либо гвоздей, забитых в бетон или асфальт. ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey – это стандарт, разработанный Американской ассоциацией земельных титулов и Американским конгрессом по геодезии и картографии. Он объединяет элементы межевой съемки, ипотечной съемки и топографической съемки.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Геодезическая съемка опорной сети: съемка, устанавливающая опорные точки, используемые в качестве исходных позиций для будущих съемок. Большинство других видов геодезических работ включают в себя элементы съемки опорной сети.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Строительная и инженерная геодезия: топографическая, разбивочная и съемка "как построено", связанные с инженерным проектированием. Часто требуют геодезических расчетов, выходящих за рамки обычной практики в гражданском строительстве.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Деформационный мониторинг: съемка, предназначенная для определения изменения формы или перемещения конструкции или объекта. Сначала определяются координаты точек на объекте. Затем, через определенный промежуток времени, координаты точек измеряются повторно и рассчитываются. После этого производится сравнение двух наборов координат.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Геодезический контроль размеров: тип съемки, проводимый на неровных поверхностях. Распространен в нефтегазовой отрасли для замены старых или поврежденных труб на аналогичные. Преимущество геодезического контроля размеров заключается в том, что используемый для съемки инструмент не требует выравнивания по уровню. Это особенно полезно в морской отрасли, поскольку не все платформы являются стационарными и подвержены перемещениям.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Геодезическая съемка фундаментов: съемка, выполняемая для сбора данных о положении фундамента после его заливки и затвердевания. Это делается для проверки соответствия фактического местоположения и высоты фундамента данным, указанным в плане участка, генеральном плане или плане землеустройства.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Гидрографическая съемка: съемка, проводимая с целью картирования береговой линии и дна водоема. Используется для навигации, инженерных изысканий или управления ресурсами.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Нивелирование: определение высоты заданной точки или установление точки на заданной высоте.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
LOMA съемка: съемка для изменения линии базового уровня паводка, исключения объекта из зоны особого риска затопления SFHA.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Инвентаризационная съемка: съемка здания для создания его планов. Такая съемка может проводиться перед реконструкцией, в коммерческих целях или в конце строительного процесса.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Горногеодезическая съемка: включает в себя руководство прокладкой шахт и галерей и расчет объема горных пород. Использует специализированные методы из-за ограничений геометрии съемки, таких как вертикальные шахты и узкие проходы.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Ипотечная съемка: простая съемка, определяющая границы земельного участка и местоположение зданий. Проверяет наличие посягательств, соблюдение строительных отступов и показывает близлежащие зоны затопления. Во многих местах ипотечная съемка является обязательным условием для получения ипотечного кредита.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Фотограмметрическая контрольная съемка: съемка, создающая опорные точки, видимые с воздуха, для привязки аэрофотоснимков.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Разбивочная, планировочная или выносная съемка: элемент многих других видов съемок, при котором расчетное или проектное положение объекта отмечается на местности. Может быть временной или постоянной. Является важным компонентом инженерной и кадастровой геодезии.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Структурная съемка: детальная инспекция для оценки физического состояния и структурной устойчивости здания или сооружения. Выявляет необходимые работы для поддержания его в надлежащем состоянии.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Разделение участка: межевая съемка, разделяющая земельный участок на два или более меньших участка.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Топографическая съемка: съемка, определяющая положение и высоты точек и объектов на земной поверхности, представляемая в виде топографической карты с горизонталями.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Существующие условия: аналогична топографической съемке, но больше ориентирована на точное местоположение ключевых элементов и сооружений в их текущем состоянии в пределах обследованной территории, а не на определение высот. Часто используется совместно с архитектурными чертежами и проектами для размещения или установки строительных конструкций.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Подводная съемка: съемка подводного объекта, участка или территории.
As built survey: a survey that documents the location of recently constructed elements of a construction project. As built surveys are done for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes. An as built survey is also known as a 'works as executed survey'. As built surveys are often presented in red or redline and laid over existing plans for comparison with design information. Cadastral or boundary surveying: a survey that establishes or re establishes boundaries of a parcel using a legal description. It involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the boundaries of a parcel. These take the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt. The ALTA/ACSM Land Title Survey is a standard proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. It incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey. Control surveying: Control surveys establish reference points to use as starting positions for future surveys. Most other forms of surveying will contain elements of control surveying. Construction surveying and engineering surveying: topographic, layout, and as built surveys associated with engineering design. They often need geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practice. Deformation survey: a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. First the positions of points on an object are found. A period of time is allowed to pass and the positions are then re measured and calculated. Then a comparison between the two sets of positions is made. Dimensional control survey: This is a type of survey conducted in or on a non level surface. Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like for like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. This is useful in the off shore industry, as not all platforms are fixed and are thus subject to movement. Foundation survey: a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan. Hydrographic survey: a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the shoreline and bed of a body of water. Used for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes. Leveling: either finds the elevation of a given point or establish a point at a given elevation. LOMA survey: Survey to change base flood line, removing property from a SFHA special flood hazard area. Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised techniques due to the restraints to survey geometry such as vertical shafts and narrow passages. Mortgage survey: A mortgage survey or physical survey is a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. It checks for encroachment, building setback restrictions and shows nearby flood zones. In many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Photographic control survey: A survey that creates reference marks visible from the air to allow aerial photographs to be rectified. Stakeout, layout or setout: an element of many other surveys where the calculated or proposed position of an object is marked on the ground. This can be temporary or permanent. This is an important component of engineering and cadastral surveying. Structural survey: a detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or structure. It highlights any work needed to maintain it in good repair. Subdivision: A boundary survey that splits a property into two or more smaller properties. Topographic survey: a survey of the positions and elevations of points and objects on a land surface, presented as a topographic map with contour lines. Existing conditions: Similar to a topographic survey but instead focuses more on the specific location of key features and structures as they exist at that time within the surveyed area rather than primarily focusing on the elevation, often used alongside architectural drawings and blueprints to locate or place building structures. Underwater survey: a survey of an underwater site, object, or area.
Самолет против геодезических съемок
Исходя из соображений и истинной формы Земли, геодезические изыскания широко классифицируются на два типа. Плоская съемка предполагает, что Земля плоская, и кривизна и сферическая форма Земли не учитываются. При этом типе съемки все треугольники, образованные линиями съемки, рассматриваются как плоские. Она применяется для небольших геодезических работ, где ошибки, вызванные формой Земли, незначительны. В геодезической съемке кривизна Земли учитывается при вычислении высот, углов, азимутов и расстояний. Этот тип съемки обычно используется для крупных геодезических работ. Работы площадью до 100 квадратных миль (260 квадратных километров) считаются плоскими, а свыше этой площади – геодезическими. При геодезической съемке к высотам, азимутам и другим наблюдениям применяются необходимые поправки.
Кадастровые исследования
Одна из основных задач землеустроителя – определение границ земельных участков на местности. Землеустроитель должен выяснить, где смежные землевладельцы желают установить границу. Границы устанавливаются в юридических документах и планах, подготовленных юристами, инженерами и землеустроителями. Затем землеустроитель устанавливает межевые знаки в углах новой границы. Он также может обнаружить или повторно выполнить межевание углов участка, обозначенных предыдущими изысканиями. Кадастровые землеустроители лицензируются государственными органами. Кадастровое межевание в Соединенных Штатах в основном проводится отделом кадастрового межевания Бюро управления земельными ресурсами (BLM). Они консультируются с Лесной службой, Службой национальных парков, Инженерным корпусом армии, Бюро по делам коренных американцев, Службой охраны рыбных ресурсов и дикой природы, Бюро мелиорации и другими ведомствами. Ранее BLM было известно как Генеральное земельное управление Соединенных Штатов (GLO). В штатах, организованных в соответствии с системой государственных земельных обследований (PLSS), землеустроители должны выполнять кадастровые работы BLM в рамках этой системы. Кадастровым землеустроителям часто приходится учитывать изменения земной поверхности, которые уничтожают или повреждают межевые знаки. В таких случаях они должны принимать во внимание доказательства, не зафиксированные в правоустанавливающих документах. Это называется внешними доказательствами.
Количественная съемка
Количественная оценка — это профессия, связанная с расчетом стоимости и управлением контрактами в строительных проектах. Специалист по количественной оценке (или сметчик) является экспертом в определении стоимости материалов, трудозатрат и времени, необходимых для реализации проекта, а также в управлении финансовыми и юридическими аспектами проекта. Специалист по количественной оценке может работать как на стороне заказчика, так и на стороне подрядчика, и может участвовать на различных этапах проекта, от планирования до завершения. В Великобритании специалисты по количественной оценке также известны как дипломированные эксперты-оценщики.
Известные геодезисты
Некоторые президенты США занимались землеустройством. Джордж Вашингтон и Авраам Линкольн проводили съёмку колониальных или приграничных территорий в начале своей карьеры, до вступления в должность. Фердинанд Рудольф Хасслер считается "отцом" геодезической съемки в США.
Дэвид Т. Аберкромби занимался землеустройством, прежде чем открыть магазин снаряжения для походов и путешествий. Впоследствии этот бизнес превратился в магазин одежды Abercrombie & Fitch. Перси Харрисон Фосетт был британским геодезистом, исследовавшим джунгли Южной Америки в поисках Затерянного города Z. Его биография и экспедиции описаны в книге "Затерянный город Z", которая позже была экранизирована. Ино Тадатака создал первую карту Японии, используя современные методы геодезической съемки, начиная с 1800 года, в возрасте 55 лет.