Сискию: История названия и освоение горного региона Орегона и Калифорнии.

Mountain range in Oregon and California, US

The origin of the word siskiyou is unclear. One version is that it is the Chinook Jargon word for "bob tailed horse". According to historian Richard Mackie, "siskiyou" was a Cree word for a bob tailed horse, one of which perished in 1829 during Alexander McLeod's journey over a pass later named for the "siskiyou" (today's Siskiyou Pass). The Cree were in the area as part of McLeod's Hudson's Bay Company expedition, and had been recruited far away in their homeland in eastern Canada. Another version, given in an argument before the State Senate in 1852, is that the French name Six Cailloux, meaning "six stones", was given to a ford on the Umpqua River by Michel Laframboise and a party of Hudson's Bay Company trappers in 1832, because six large stones or rocks lay in the river where they crossed. According to some, the Six Cailloux name was appropriated to this region by Stephen Meek, another Hudson's Bay Company trapper who was known for his "discovery" of Scott Valley, in regard to a crossing on the Klamath River near Hornbrook. Still others attribute the name to a local tribe of Native Americans.

Natives speaking the Athapaskan Language lived along the Rogue River prior to 1850. These settlements were primarily winter residences, and the people likely spent much of the summer in the mountains.

Most early exploration of the area came from the coast, beginning in 1775, when the Spanish lieutenant Bruno de Heceta came to the Northwest. He would be followed in 1791 and 1792 by other explorers like captain George Vancouver, James Baker, and Robert Gray. The early western overland expeditions all avoided the area around the Oregon–California border. The first land based expeditions came when the North West Company came to the area in 1820, followed by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1821. The Siskiyou Trail stretched from California's Central Valley through the Siskiyous to Oregon's Willamette Valley. Originally based on existing Native American foot trails winding their way through river valleys, the Siskiyou Trail provided the shortest practical travel path between early settlements in California and Oregon in the 1820s.

As settlement increased with a variety of new incentives, tensions over relations with the natives increased. In the 1850s, following the Donation Land Claim Act, miners came to the area to prospect for gold. Thousands of miners flooded into the area as profitable claims were made. The new settlements grew enough for Jackson County to be founded, with its seat in Jacksonville, in 1853. The large and sudden influx of white population deteriorated the relationship with the natives in the area. This led to the 1855 Rogue River Wars, which ended in 1856. The new population needed to be supported by an improved infrastructure. By 1859, the trail had been replaced by a toll road. A telegraph line was built over the summit in 1864. Commercial orchards began to be planted in 1885. The Southern Pacific Railroad was completed over Siskiyou Summit in 1887. By 1910, pears had begun to replace apples as the major fruit grown in the region. In 1927, the Jackson County seat moved to Medford, which had become much larger than Jacksonville. Dutchman Peak at 7410 feet (2259 m), Siskiyou Peak at 7147 feet (2178 m), and Wagner Butte at 7140 feet (2176 m), all of which are in Oregon. The highest peak in the California portion of the range is Preston Peak at 7309 feet (2228 m). There are also several lower mountains, including Ben Johnson Mountain, which reaches 4398 feet (1341 m). The main drainage basins in the mountains are those of the Rogue and Klamath rivers.

Interstate 5 passes through the Siskiyou Mountains at Siskiyou Summit, located just north of the Oregon California border, and just south of Ashland, Oregon. Siskiyou Summit is the highest pass on Interstate 5, at 4310 feet (1314 m). This pass is one of the most treacherous in the Interstate highway system. The California side has a more gradual slope than the Oregon side, where the freeway climbs or descends 2300 feet (701 m) in elevation over about 7 mile (11 km). In addition, the pass includes several hazardous curves, and is frequently hit with snow, ice, and fog during winter storms. In winter, it is common for the highway to be closed one to four times per year by transportation authorities because of hazardous conditions. The speed limit is , but lower limits are set for larger vehicles.

The climate of the mountains is distinctive in how it varies from the coast to the inland slopes. Generally, the mountains see milder temperatures and more precipitation nearer to the coast. The coast tends to receive about of precipitation each year, rising to at the peaks. The arid eastern areas receive around annually. California white fir (Abies concolor subsp. lowiana) occurs in montane and subalpine forests above 4000 feet (1219 m). In the montane forest, occurring in the snowzone, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) also occurs. The subalpine forests above 5000 feet (1524 m) include mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica subsp. shastensis) in addition to Douglas fir. Rare Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) grow at low elevations or at higher elevations near sources of water. Other conifers include weeping spruce (Picea breweriana), an endemic species, and coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Various deciduous broadleaf trees grow in addition to the conifers. The largest extant California black oak is found in the Siskiyou Mountains. The blue oak, Quercus douglasii, is beyond its contiguous range; however, there are disjunctive populations of blue oak within the Siskiyou Mountains. Invasive species have become a concern in some areas. Some of these include yellow starthistle and scotch broom. Starthistle has become a problem in the Siskiyous only in the last 20 years. It has little value to habitat and is able to outcompete many native plants. Purple loosestrife is a plant that is invasive to waterways.

The diversity of fauna in the region is exhibited by the number of amphibian, reptile, and avian species in the region. Many of the amphibian and reptiles are endemic species. The eponymous endangered Siskiyou Mountains salamander is found within this mountain range; there is also the Scott Bar salamander. The variety of habitats in the mountains contributes to the number of bird species in the area, because the birds have more variety of habitat available to them. These birds include the endangered spotted owl, which lives in forests up to 5800 feet (1768 m). Endangered salmon live in the Rogue and Klamath watersheds. Another rare animal is the fisher, a predatory medium sized mammal that lives in old growth forest.

The Siskiyou Mountains have federal protection in several forms. Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve protects in the northern part of the range south of Grants Pass, Oregon. The Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument protects at the junction of the Siskiyou and Cascade ranges. There are three designated wilderness areas in the range in Oregon and California—the Red Buttes Wilderness, which protects ; the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, which protects ; and the Siskiyou Wilderness, which protects .