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Введение
Национальные парки Соединенного Королевства (parciau cenedlaethol; pàircean nàiseanta) – это территории с относительно нетронутым и живописным ландшафтом по всей стране. Несмотря на название, они существенно отличаются от национальных парков во многих других странах, которые обычно находятся в государственной собственности и управляются как охраняемые общественные ресурсы, и как правило, не включают постоянные населенные пункты. В Соединенном Королевстве территория, объявленная национальным парком, может включать значительные поселения и хозяйственную деятельность человека, которые часто являются неотъемлемой частью ландшафта. Земля в национальных парках в основном остается в частной собственности. Таким образом, эти парки не соответствуют международно признанному стандарту МСОП для "национальных парков", но представляют собой территории с выдающимся ландшафтом, где градостроительный контроль несколько строже, чем в других местах. В Соединенном Королевстве насчитывается четырнадцать национальных парков, девять из которых расположены в Англии, три – в Уэльсе, два – в Шотландии и ни одного – в Северной Ирландии. В Англии также есть одна территория с "эквивалентным статусом". Ежегодно национальные парки Англии и Уэльса посещают около 110 миллионов человек. Отдых и туризм привлекают посетителей и средства, необходимые для сохранения парков и поддержки местного населения посредством создания рабочих мест и развития бизнеса. Однако эти посетители также создают проблемы, такие как эрозия и транспортные заторы, а также конфликты, связанные с использованием ресурсов парков. Доступ к сельскохозяйственным угодьям в Англии и Уэльсе ограничен общественными тропами и разрешенными путями. (В соответствии с Законом о сельской местности и правах прохода 2000 года пешеходы имеют право доступа к большей части, но не ко всем, необработанным территориям в Англии и Уэльсе.)
Areas of landscape in the United Kingdom
National parks of the United Kingdom (parciau cenedlaethol; pàircean nàiseanta) are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape across the country. Despite their name, they are quite different from national parks in many other countries, which are usually owned and managed by governments as protected community resources, and which do not usually include permanent human communities. In the United Kingdom, an area designated as a national park may include substantial settlements and human land uses that are often integral parts of the landscape. Land within national parks remains largely in private ownership. These parks are therefore not "national parks" according to the internationally accepted standard of the IUCN but they are areas of outstanding landscape where planning controls are a little more restrictive than elsewhere. Within the United Kingdom there are fourteen national parks of which nine are in England, three in Wales, two in Scotland, and none in Northern Ireland. There is one further area in England with "equivalent status". An estimated 110 million people visit the national parks of England and Wales each year. Recreation and tourism bring visitors and funds into the parks, to sustain their conservation efforts, and support the local population through jobs and businesses. However, these visitors also bring problems, such as erosion and traffic congestion, and conflicts over the use of the parks' resources. Access to cultivated land in England and Wales is restricted to public rights of way and permissive paths. (Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 there is a right of access for walkers to most but not all uncultivated areas in England and Wales.)
Органы национального парка
В соответствии с Законом об охране окружающей среды 1995 года, каждый национальный парк Англии и Уэльса управляется собственным органом управления национальным парком – местной администрацией специального назначения – с апреля 1997 года. Ранее управление всеми парками, за исключением Пик-Дистрикт и Лейк-Дистрикт, осуществлялось окружными советами. Пик-Дистрикт и Лейк-Дистрикт, ставшие первыми двумя национальными парками, находились в ведении советов по планированию, независимых от окружных советов. Аналогичные органы управления национальными парками были также созданы для шотландских парков на основании отдельного законодательства. Немногим более половины членов каждого органа управления национальным парком назначаются от основных местных органов власти, в пределах которых расположен парк, а остальные назначаются государственным секретарем по вопросам окружающей среды, продовольствия и сельских дел (в Англии) или валлийскими министрами (в Уэльсе), часть – для представительства местных приходских или общинных советов, часть – для представительства национальных интересов. Финансирование национальных парков имеет сложную структуру, однако полная стоимость деятельности каждого органа управления парком покрывается за счет средств центрального правительства. Ранее это финансирование частично поступало от местных органов власти и в разной степени возмещалось им правительством. В 2003/2004 году органы управления парками получили около 35,5 миллионов фунтов стерлингов централизованного финансирования.
Following the Environment Act 1995, each English and Welsh national park has been managed by its own national park authority, a special purpose local authority, since April 1997. Previously, all but the Peak District and the Lake District were governed by county councils. The Peak District and the Lake District, the first two national parks to be designated, were under the control of planning boards that were independent of county councils. Similar national park authorities have also been established for the Scottish parks under separate legislation. Slightly over half the members of each national park authority are appointees from the principal local authorities covered by the park; the remainder are appointed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (in England) or the Welsh Ministers (in Wales), some to represent local parish or community councils, others to represent the national interest. Funding for national parks is complex, but the full cost of each park authority is funded from central government funds. In the past this was partly paid for by local authorities and refunded to them from the government to varying degrees. In 2003/2004 the park authorities received around £35.5 million of central government funding.
Другие организации
Национальные парки Великобритании входят в состав организации National Parks UK, которая занимается их продвижением, а также организацией обучения и повышения квалификации сотрудников всех парков. Natural England является уполномоченным органом, ответственным за определение новых национальных парков в Англии, при условии одобрения Государственным секретарем; Natural Resources Wales определяет новые национальные парки в Уэльсе, при условии одобрения министров Уэльса. Все пятнадцать национальных парков Соединенного Королевства представлены Ассоциацией органов управления национальными парками, которая создана для того, чтобы обеспечить единую позицию органов управления парками при взаимодействии с правительством и его ведомствами. Кампания за национальные парки (ранее Совет по национальным паркам) – это благотворительная организация, деятельность которой направлена на защиту и улучшение национальных парков Англии и Уэльса.
The UK's national parks are members of National Parks UK, which works to promote them, and to facilitate training and development for staff of all the parks. Natural England is the statutory body responsible for designating new national parks in England, subject to approval by the Secretary of State; Natural Resources Wales designates new national parks in Wales, subject to approval by the Welsh Ministers. All fifteen United Kingdom national parks are represented by the Association of National Park Authorities, which exists to provide the park authorities with a single voice when dealing with government and its agencies. The Campaign for National Parks (formerly Council for National Parks) is a charity that works to protect and enhance the national parks of England and Wales.
Юридическое наименование
Национальные парки были впервые учреждены в соответствии с Законом о национальных парках и доступе к сельской местности 1949 года, и в Англии и Уэльсе любой новый национальный парк учреждается на основании этого закона и должен быть утвержден государственным секретарем по вопросам окружающей среды, продовольствия и сельских дел. Закон 1949 года был принят после продолжительной кампании за общественный доступ к сельской местности в Соединенном Королевстве, корни которой уходят в промышленную революцию. Первый законопроект о «свободе передвижения» был внесен в парламент в 1884 году Джеймсом Брайсом, но лишь в 1931 году правительственное расследование рекомендовало создать «Управление национальных парков» для отбора территорий для присвоения статуса национального парка. Несмотря на эту рекомендацию и продолжающееся лоббирование и проявления общественного недовольства, такие как массовое вторжение на Киндера Скаут в Пик-Дистрикт в 1932 году, никаких дальнейших действий предпринято не было до 1945 года, когда была опубликована правительственная программа по национальным паркам в рамках планируемой послевоенной реконструкции Лейбористской партии, что в 1949 году привело к принятию Закона о национальных парках и доступе к сельской местности. В Англии и Уэльсе, как и в Шотландии, присвоение статуса национального парка означает, что территория признана имеющей важное значение для национального наследия и, следовательно, заслуживает особой защиты и внимания. В отличие от модели, принятой во многих других странах, таких как США и Германия, это не означает, что территория находится в государственной собственности. Национальные парки в Соединенном Королевстве могут включать в себя значительные населенные пункты и хозяйственную деятельность человека, которые часто являются неотъемлемой частью ландшафта, а на территории национального парка существует множество землевладельцев, включая государственные органы и частных лиц. Однако к началу XIX века романтические поэты, такие как Байрон, Колридж и Вордсворт, писали о вдохновляющей красоте «дикой» сельской местности. В 1810 году Вордсворт описал английский Озерный край как «своего рода национальное достояние, в котором каждый человек имеет право и интерес, если у него есть глаз, чтобы видеть, и сердце, чтобы наслаждаться». Это раннее видение, основанное на движении «Живописное», потребовало более века и множества споров, чтобы обрести юридическую силу в Великобритании с принятием Закона о национальных парках и доступе к сельской местности 1949 года. Идея создания национальных парков впервые была предложена в Соединенных Штатах в 1860-х годах, где национальные парки были созданы для защиты диких территорий, таких как Йосемити. Эта модель с тех пор была использована во многих других странах, но не в Соединенном Королевстве. После тысячелетий человеческого взаимодействия с ландшафтом Британия не располагает какими-либо значительными территориями дикой природы. Более того, те уголки природной красоты, которые так ценили романтические поэты, часто поддерживались и сохранялись в существующем состоянии только благодаря человеческой деятельности, как правило, сельскому хозяйству.
National parks were first designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and in England and Wales any new national park is designated under this Act, and must be confirmed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The 1949 Act came about after a prolonged campaign for public access to the countryside in the United Kingdom with its roots in the Industrial Revolution. The first 'freedom to roam' bill was introduced to Parliament in 1884 by James Bryce but it was not until 1931 that a government inquiry recommended the creation of a 'National Park Authority' to select areas for designation as national parks. Despite the recommendation and continued lobbying and demonstrations of public discontent, such as the 1932 Kinder Scout mass trespass in the Peak District, nothing further was done until a 1945 white paper on national parks was produced as part of the Labour Party's planned post war reconstruction, leading in 1949 to the passing of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act. In England and Wales, as in Scotland, designation as a national park means that the area has been identified as being of importance to the national heritage and as such is worthy of special protection and attention. Unlike the model adopted in many other countries, such as the US and Germany, this does not mean the area is owned by the state. National parks in the United Kingdom may include substantial settlements and human land uses which are often integral parts of the landscape, and within a national park there are many landowners including public bodies and private individuals. However, by the early 19th century, romantic poets such as Byron, Coleridge and Wordsworth wrote about the inspirational beauty of the "untamed" countryside. Wordsworth described the English Lake District as a "sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy" in 1810. This early vision, based in the Picturesque movement, took over a century, and much controversy, to take legal form in the UK with the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. The idea for a form of national parks was first proposed in the United States in the 1860s, where national parks were established to protect wilderness areas such as Yosemite. This model has been used in many other countries since, but not in the United Kingdom. After thousands of years of human integration into the landscape, Britain lacks any substantial areas of wilderness. Furthermore, those areas of natural beauty so cherished by the romantic poets were often only maintained and managed in their existing state by human activity, usually agriculture.
Государственная поддержка установлена
К началу 1930-х годов растущий общественный интерес к сельской местности, в сочетании с увеличивающимся и более мобильным городским населением, приводил к усилению противоречий между теми, кто стремился к доступу в сельскую местность, и землевладельцами. Наряду с акциями прямого действия, такими как массовое вторжение на Киндер-Скаут, несколько общественных организаций взяли на себя задачу обеспечения общественного доступа на политической арене. В 1931 году Кристофер Аддисон (впоследствии лорд Аддисон) возглавил правительственный комитет, который предложил создать "Национальное управление парками" для выбора территорий, подлежащих признанию национальными парками. После передачи полномочий Министру по планированию городов и сельской местности в 1945 году, в 1947 году был создан правительственный комитет под председательством сэра Артура Хобхауза, который разработал законодательство о национальных парках и предложил создание двенадцати национальных парков. Сэр Артур сформулировал следующие критерии для определения подходящих территорий:
By the early 1930s increasing public interest in the countryside, coupled with the growing and newly mobile urban population, was generating increasing friction between those seeking access to the countryside and landowners. Alongside of direct action trespasses, such as the mass trespass of Kinder Scout, several voluntary bodies took up the cause of public access in the political arena. In 1931 Christopher Addison (later Lord Addison) chaired a government committee that proposed a 'National Park Authority' to choose areas for designation as national parks. to the Minister of Town and Country Planning in 1945 was followed in 1947 by a Government committee, this time chaired by Sir Arthur Hobhouse, which prepared legislation for national parks, and proposed twelve national parks. Sir Arthur had this to say on the criteria for designating suitable areas:
Закон о национальных парках и доступе к сельской местности 1949 года
Закон о национальных парках и доступе к сельской местности 1949 года был принят при поддержке всех партий. Первые десять национальных парков были объявлены таковыми в 1950-х годах в соответствии с этим законом, в основном в невысокопродуктивных сельскохозяйственных горных районах. Большая часть земли все еще принадлежала частным землевладельцам, часто крупным помещикам, но также находилась в собственности государственных органов, таких как Корона, или благотворительных организаций, обеспечивающих и поощряющих доступ, например, Национальный траст. Важным считался и доступ из городов. Пик-Дистрикт, место проведения акции протеста на Киндер-Скаут, был объявлен первым национальным парком в апреле 1951 года при лейбористском правительстве Клемента Эттли. В том же году были объявлены еще три национальных парка: Озерный край, Сноудония и Дартмур. К концу десятилетия семья национальных парков пополнилась до десяти, включив в себя национальные парки Пемброкширское побережье, Северные равнины Йорка, Йоркширские долины, Эксмур, Нортумберленд и Брекон-Биконс. В Шотландии был принят отдельный закон – Закон о национальных парках (Шотландия) 2000 года, на основании которого были созданы два шотландских национальных парка: Кэрнгормс и Лох-Ломонд и Троссакс. Новый лес, включающий в себя самые большие сохранившиеся участки открытых пастбищ, вересковых пустошей и древних лесов в густонаселенном юго-востоке Англии, был объявлен национальным парком 1 марта 2005 года. 31 марта 2009 года было объявлено о создании национального парка Саут-Даунс; Национальный парк Саут-Даунс вступил в силу 31 марта 2010 года. Из первоначально предложенных национальных парков Англии и Уэльса два до сих пор не получили статуса: Камбрийские горы и Корнуольское побережье.
The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 was passed with all party support. The first ten national parks were designated as such in the 1950s under the Act in mostly poor quality agricultural upland. Much of the land was still owned by individual landowners, often private estates, but there was also property owned by public bodies such as the Crown, or charities which allow and encourage access such as the National Trust. Accessibility from the cities was also considered important. The Peak District, site of the Kinder Scout trespass, was designated the first national park in April 1951 under the Clement Attlee led Labour administration. This was followed in the same year by the designations of three more national parks; the Lake District, Snowdonia and Dartmoor. By the end of the decade the national park family had increased to ten with the Pembrokeshire Coast, North York Moors, Yorkshire Dales, Exmoor, Northumberland and Brecon Beacons national parks all being designated. Separate legislation was passed in Scotland, namely the National Parks (Scotland) Act 2000, and from this two Scottish national parks, the Cairngorms and Loch Lomond and The Trossachs, were created. The New Forest, which includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land, heathland and old growth forest in the heavily populated south east of England, was designated as a national park on 1 March 2005. On 31 March 2009 it was announced that the South Downs would be designated a national park; the South Downs National Park came into effect on 31 March 2010. Of the English and Welsh national parks that were originally proposed, two remain undesignated: the Cambrian Mountains and Cornish Coast.
Национальные парки Англии
Пик-Дистрикт: Центральное расположение этого парка обусловливает совпадение северной границы многих низинных видов, таких как тис без стебля, и южной границы многих северных горных видов, таких как горный заяц и шафрановый цветок. Он расположен в южной части Пеннин, известных как хребет Англии. Карбонатный известняк Белого Пика в его южных и центральных районах формирует вершины из более твердого рифового известняка и долины, богатые дикой природой (обычно более пятидесяти видов дикорастущих цветов и трав на квадратный метр), вымытые талыми водами Ледникового периода. На севере, востоке и западе расположен Темный Пик, где скалы состоят из сланцев, песчаника и гравелита, а слои торфа создали суровые вересковые ландшафты. Озерный край: крупнейший национальный парк Англии обладает геологией, представляющей собой впечатляющую летопись почти 500 миллионов лет, с доказательствами столкновения континентов, глубоких океанов, тропических морей и километровых ледяных щитов. В этом районе находятся самые большие и глубокие озера и самые высокие вершины Англии. Этот ландшафт сформирован тысячелетиями человеческой деятельности, а места обитания дикой природы в парке включают болота, известняковые плато, горные пустоши, осыпи и арктическо-альпийские сообщества, прибрежные болота, устья рек, прибрежные пустоши и дюны. Дартмур: Дартмур – самая большая и дикая открытая местность на юге Англии. Гранит, внедренный 295 миллионов лет назад, лежит в основе 65% парка и окружен осадочными породами, включая известняки, сланцы и песчаники, относящиеся к карбоновому и девонскому периодам. Почти половина парка покрыта вересковыми пустошами, на территории которых расположены четыре отдельных национальных заповедника, включая Восточный Дартмурский лес и вересковые пустоши площадью 366 гектаров. В национальном парке, занимающем 26 169 гектаров, более сорока участков обозначены как места особого научного интереса. Дартмур также является домом для второго по высоте водопада в Англии (Канонтейн Фоллс) и самого высокого рукотворного водопада. Норт-Йоркские Моры: парк содержит археологические находки, датируемые концом последнего ледникового периода, крупнейшее городище железного века на севере Англии, римские форты, замки и аббатства, каменные кресты на вересковых пустошах и важные ранние промышленные объекты. Его древняя и разнообразная геология включает в себя свидетельства древних океанов, огромных дельт рек и больших ледяных щитов. Доказательства этих событий привлекают геологов в этот район уже более века, включая таких ученых, как Уильям Смит, «отец английской геологии». Этот район также известен своими окаменелостями, от аммонитов до следов динозавров. Йоркширские Долины: парк охватывает центральные Пеннины. На вершинах, сложенных из миллстоун-грита, он поднимается более чем на 2300 футов, контрастируя с глубокими долинами (дейлами), от которых он получил свое название. На юге парк может похвастаться известняковыми (карстовыми) ландшафтами со скалами, плато и обширными пещерными системами, а на севере долины с отчетливыми ступенчатыми профилями разделены обширными вересковыми плато. Другая геология формирует травянистые округлые холмы с глубокими ущельями на западе, известные как Хоугилл Феллс. Парк известен своими ледниковыми и послеледниковыми формами рельефа, включая поля драмлинов, норберские валуны, моренные отложения и послеледниковые озера Семервотер и Малхэм Тарн. В парке также есть водопады, такие как Хардроу Форс и водопады Эйскер. Эксмур: большинство пород Эксмура образовалось в девонском периоде геологической истории, примерно 410–360 миллионов лет назад, наиболее заметными из которых являются старые и новые красные песчаники, девонские сланцы, сланцы и известняк. Парк возвышается на 519 м на Дункерри Биконе и имеет 55 км береговой линии, к которой стекают многочисленные реки, в частности река Лин. Напротив, река Экс течет на юг и восток. В парке расположено несколько поселений, в том числе популярные Линтон и Линмут. Нортумберленд: с населением около 2000 человек это наименее населенный из всех национальных парков Англии и Уэльса. Парк, поднимающийся на 815 м на Чевиоте, содержит более 1100 км троп для пеших прогулок, езды на велосипеде и верховой езды. В парке также есть Рамсарский объект (международный объект для защиты водно-болотных угодий), а также 31 объект особого научного интереса, шесть особых зон охраны и три национальных заповедника. Культурное наследие парка не менее впечатляюще, чем его природное разнообразие, с 259 зданиями, внесенными в список, 432 памятниками, внесенными в реестр, и 3883 записями об исторической среде. Бродс: крупнейшая в Великобритании охраняемая национальная водно-болотная территория, Норфолкские и Саффолкские Бродс, считается одиннадцатым членом семьи национальных парков, но на самом деле была объявлена отдельным актом парламента в 1988 году, получив статус, аналогичный национальному парку. Бродс не был создан как национальный парк, но в то время был описан как имеющий «статус, эквивалентный статусу национального парка». С тех пор он принял название «национальный парк» и является членом семьи национальных парков Великобритании, с тем же уровнем охраны ландшафта и дополнительной уставной целью: защиты интересов судоходства. Его реки, бродсы (мелководные озера), болота и низины делают этот район богатым редкими местами обитания, поддерживающими бесчисленное количество растений и животных. Это также один из самых популярных в Европе внутренних водных путей. В парке шесть рек (Бьюр, Ант, Турн, Яр, Чет и Уэйвени) и 63 бродса, составляющие более 125 миль (200 км) судоходных водных путей. Национальный заповедник Хоу Хилл полностью находится в границах парка, а также 28 объектов особого научного интереса, большинство из которых подпадают под действие Рамсарской конвенции об охране водно-болотных угодий, имеющих международное значение. Нью-Форест: самый маленький национальный парк Англии был объявлен охотничьими угодьями Вильгельмом Завоевателем почти 1000 лет назад, прежде чем он стал национальным парком, и имеет свой раздел в Книге Страшного суда 1086 года. Первоначально термин «лес» относился к обозначению как охотничьих угодий, подлежащих лесным законам, а не к скоплению деревьев. Остальное – вересковые пустоши и папоротниковые заросли, открытые пастбища, болота, деревни и побережье, и в парке сохранились самые большие остатки низинных вересковых пустошей в Европе, а также три четверти 120 низинных долинных болот Европы. 38 000 гектаров парка покрыты исторической «Периамбуляцией», в которой действуют права общинников, и их животные могут свободно бродить. В парке также хранится множество исторических памятников, включая 214 памятников, внесенных в реестр. Саут-Даунс: самый недавно объявленный национальный парк в Соединенном Королевстве представляет собой цепь холмов, простирающихся от Винчестера на западе до Истборна на востоке. Геологическое строение восточной половины, от реки Арун до Истборна, в основном состоит из холмов, сложенных мелом. К западу от Аруна территория шире и включает в себя не только меловые холмы, но и часть Уилда, сложенного песчаниками и глиной. Большинство пород, составляющих Саут-Даунс, образовались 120 миллионов лет назад, поднялись в результате движений земной коры и поднялись в огромный купол длиной около 125 миль и шириной 50 миль, который затем был разрушен, образовав Норт-Даунс, Саут-Даунс и равнину Уилда. Среди ключевых мест обитания, наложенных на эту геологию, находятся меловые луга, низинные вересковые пустоши и пойменные пастбища. Парк поднимается на 280 метров на Блэкдауне в Сассексе. Парк имеет самое большое население среди всех национальных парков Великобритании, которое составляет 107 929 человек, что больше, чем суммарное население двух следующих по величине (Озерный край: 42 000 и Пик-Дистрикт: 38 000). В парке богато культурное наследие, начиная со свидетельств самых ранних людей в Боксгроуве и заканчивая современным искусством, таким как коллекция сюрреалистического искусства Эдварда Джеймса в Вест-Дин Колледж. В парке находится 600 памятников, внесенных в реестр, более 5000 зданий, внесенных в список, два зарегистрированных поля сражений и 165 зон охраны. Фрагменты раковин окаменелостей на вершине Сноудона датируются более чем 500 миллионами лет назад и…
Peak District: The central location of this park provides for the coincidence of the northern limit of many lowland species, such as the stemless thistle and the southern extent of many northern upland species, such as the mountain hare and globe flower. It is located at the southern end of the Pennines, known as the backbone of England. The Carboniferous Limestone of the White Peak in its southern and central areas, gives rise to peaks formed by harder reef limestone and dales rich in wildlife (typically over fifty species of wildflower and herb per square metre) gouged out by meltwater from the Ice Age. In the north, east and west is the Dark Peak where the rocks are shale, sandstone and gritstone and where layers of peat have given rise to stark moorland landscapes. Lake District: England's largest national park has geology providing a dramatic record of nearly 500 million years, with evidence of colliding continents, deep oceans, tropical seas, and kilometre thick ice sheets. The area has the largest and deepest lakes and highest peaks in England. This landscape is overlaid by thousands of years of human activity and the habitats for wildlife to be found in the park include mires, limestone pavement, upland heath, screes and arctic alpine communities, lakeshore wetlands, estuary, coastal heath and dunes. Dartmoor: Dartmoor is the largest and wildest area of open country in the south of England. Granite, intruded 295 million years ago underlies 65% of the park and is surrounded by sedimentary rocks including limestones, shales and sandstones belonging to the Carboniferous and Devonian periods. Almost half of the park is moorland, and within it are four separate national nature reserves, including the 366 hectare East Dartmoor Woods & Heath. There are also over forty locations designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest within the national park covering 26,169 hectares. Dartmoor is also home to England's second highest waterfall (Canonteign Falls) and highest man made waterfall. North York Moors: Boasting archaeology dating from the end of the last ice age, the park contains the largest Iron Age hill fort in the North of England, Roman forts, castles and abbeys, moorland crosses and important early industrial sites. Its ancient and varied geology includes the evidence left behind of ancient oceans, huge river deltas and great ice sheets. The evidence left behind by these events has brought geologists to the area for over a century, including figures such as William Smith, 'the father of English geology'. The area is also famous for its fossils, from ammonites to dinosaur footprints. Yorkshire Dales: The park straddles the central Pennines. At the Millstone Grit capped Three Peaks it rises to over 2,300 ft, contrasting with its deep cut valleys (dales) from which it derives its name. In the south the park boasts limestone (Karst) scenery, with its crags, pavements and extensive cave systems, whilst in the north valleys with distinctive stepped profiles are separated by extensive moorland plateaux. A different geology shapes the grassy rounded hills with deep ravines in the west known as the Howgill Fells. The park is noted for its glacial and post glacial landforms including the drumlin fields, Norber erratics, and the moraines and post glacial lakes of Semerwater and Malham Tarn. The park also boasts waterfalls including Hardraw Force and the Aysgarth Falls. Exmoor: The majority of Exmoor's rocks were formed during the Devonian period of geological history between about 410 and 360 million years ago, the most prominent being old and new red sandstones, Devonian slates, shales and limestone. The park rises to 519m at Dunkery Beacon and boasts 55 km of coastline towards which flow a number of rivers, most notably the River Lyn. In contrast the Exe flows south and east. A number of settlements are found within the park including the much visited Lynton and Lynmouth. Northumberland: With a population of around 2,000 people this is the least populated of all the national parks in England and Wales. Rising to 815m at The Cheviot, the park contains over 1,100 km of paths for walking, cycling and horse riding. The park also contains a Ramsar site (an international site for the protection of wetlands) as well as 31 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, six Special Areas of Conservation and three national nature reserves. The park's human heritage is no less impressive than its natural diversity, with 259 listed buildings, 432 scheduled monuments and 3,883 Historic Environment Records. The Broads: Britain's largest nationally protected wetland, the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads is considered to be the eleventh member of the national park family, but in fact was designated through its own Act of Parliament in 1988 gaining similar status to a national park. The Broads was not established as a national park, but was described at the time as having a 'status equivalent to that of a national park'. It has since adopted the title 'national park' and is a member of the UK national parks family, with the same level of landscape protection and an additional statutory purpose: to protect the interests of navigation. Its rivers, broads (shallow lakes), marshes and fens make this area rich in rare habitats, supporting myriad plants and animals. It is also one of Europe's most popular inland waterways. There are six rivers (Bure, Ant, Thurne, Yare, Chet and Waveney) and 63 broads within the park, comprising over 125 miles (200 km) of navigable waterways. The How Hill National Nature Reserve is wholly contained within the boundaries of the park, as well as 28 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, most of which fall under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. New Forest: England's smallest national park was designated as a hunting ground by William the Conqueror almost 1,000 years before it became a national park and has its own section in the Domesday Book, in 1086. Originally the term 'forest' referred to the designation as a hunting ground subject to forest law, not to a collection of trees The rest is heather and bracken covered heath, open pasture, marsh, villages and coastline, and the park contains the largest remaining lowland heath in Europe as well as three quarters of Europe's 120 lowland valley mires. 38,000 hectares of the park is covered by the historic 'Perambulation' in which commoners’ rights apply and their animals can roam freely. The park also contains a wealth of human history with 214 scheduled monuments. South Downs: The most recently designated national park in the United Kingdom is a line of hills that run from Winchester in the west to Eastbourne in the east. The underlying geology of the eastern half, from the River Arun to Eastbourne, is mainly hills made of Chalk. To the west of the Arun, the area is wider and includes not only chalk hills but also part of the Weald made of sandstones and clay. Most of the rocks that make up the South Downs were formed 120 million years ago, uplifted by earth movements and pushed up into a huge dome about 125 miles long and 50 miles wide which was then worn away to form the North Downs, South Downs and the plain of the Weald. Amongst the key habitats overlaying this geology are chalk grassland, lowland heath and floodplain grazing marsh. The park rises to 280 metres at Blackdown in Sussex. The park has the highest population of any national park in the UK which at 107,929 is bigger than the next two largest combined (Lake District: 42,000 and Peak District: 38,000). The park has a wealth of cultural heritage from evidence in Boxgrove of the earliest humans, through to contemporary arts, such as Edward James’ collection of surrealist art at West Dean College. The park contains 600 scheduled monuments, over 5,000 listed buildings, two registered battlefields and 165 conservation areas. Fossil shell fragments on the summit of Snowdon date from over 500 million years ago and the ancient ‘Harlech Dome’ of which Snowdon and Cadair Idris form the northern and southern extents respectively, was created in the Cambrian Period before the volcanoes erupted. The more recent Ice Age glaciers were at their peak 18,000 years ago in Snowdonia and formed the distinctive U shaped valleys including Llanberis and Nant Gwynant in the north and Tal y llyn Lake in the south. Pembrokeshire Coast: The only UK national park recognised primarily for its coastline, it covers almost all the Pembrokeshire Coast, every offshore island, the Daugleddau estuary and large areas of the Preseli Hills and the Gwaun Valley. It is an ecologically rich area recognised as of international importance for a wide range of high quality habitats and rare species. The park contains thirteen Special Areas of Conservation, five Special Protection Areas, one of three UK marine nature reserves and seven national nature reserves as well as sixty Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The park also contains a wealth of human history and culture, including the UK's smallest city, St Davids and Iron Age forts. Within the park there are also a total of sixty geological conservation sites ranging from small roadside quarries and isolated crags on hilltops to many kilometres of coastline. Brecon Beacons: The last of the original ten national parks to have been designated in the 1950s, the park straddles the divide between rural mid Wales and industrial South Wales. It is formed from sedimentary rocks from the mid Ordovician through to the late Carboniferous though it is the Devonian Old Red Sandstone which is the rock most identified with the park, since it forms the larger part of the different mountain massifs including South Wales' highest point Pen y Fan at 886m. Like many other upland national parks in the UK, it is glacial activity during the Quaternary ice ages which is responsible for many of the well known landforms. The west of the park is also designated as Fforest Fawr Geopark in recognition of its geological interest, and includes Waterfall Country. A number of former tramroads and the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal running down the Usk valley dating from the Industrial Revolution now serve as recreational facilities.
Национальные парки Шотландии
Лох-Ломонд и Троссахи: парк, четвертый по величине в Соединенном Королевстве, включает в себя 21 Манро (включая Бен-Ломонд, Бен-Луи, Бинн-Чаллум, Бен-Море и два пика, называемые Бен-Ворлих) и 20 Корбетов. В парке расположены два лесных парка (Лесной парк королевы Елизаветы и Лесной парк Аргилла) и два национальных природных заповедника. Кэрнгормс: крупнейший национальный парк в Соединенном Королевстве, ядром которого является одноименный горный массив – Кэрнгормс, однако эти горы составляют лишь его часть, наряду с другими горными хребтами, такими как Ангус Гленс и Монадлиат, и низинами, такими как Стратспи и верховья Дисайда. Три крупные реки берут начало в парке: Спей, Ди и Дон.
Loch Lomond and The Trossachs: The park, the fourth largest in the United Kingdom, includes 21 Munros (including Ben Lomond, Ben Lui, Beinn Challuim, Ben More and two peaks called Ben Vorlich) and 20 Corbetts. There are two forest parks (Queen Elizabeth Forest Park and Argyll Forest Park), and two national nature reserves. Cairngorms: The largest national park in the United Kingdom, the heart of it is the eponymous mountain range, the Cairngorms, but these mountains form only one part of it, alongside other hill ranges such as the Angus Glens and the Monadhliath, and lower areas like Strathspey and upper Deeside. Three major rivers rise in the park: the Spey, the Dee, and the Don.
Национальные парки Северной Ирландии
В настоящее время в Северной Ирландии нет национальных парков, хотя предпринимались и вызывали споры попытки создать один в горах Моурн. В случае создания он будет простираться от залива Карлингфорд-Лоу до Ньюкасла и горы Слив-Круб.
There are currently no national parks in Northern Ireland though there have been controversial moves to establish one in the Mourne Mountains. If established, it would stretch from Carlingford Lough to Newcastle and Slieve Croob.
Развитие и планирование землепользования в национальных парках
Органы национальных парков являются органами стратегического и местного планирования на своих территориях, поэтому местные районные или унитарные советы не осуществляют градостроительный контроль на территории национального парка. Следовательно, они выполняют все функции местного органа планирования. Они отвечают за поддержание местной системы планирования – руководства по пространственному планированию своей территории. Они также выдают разрешения на строительство и развитие в рамках ограничений, установленных данной системой. Это обеспечивает им очень сильный прямой контроль над жилищным и промышленным строительством, а также над проектированием зданий и других сооружений, наряду со стратегическими вопросами, такими как добыча полезных ископаемых. Полномочия органов национальных парков в области планирования лишь незначительно отличаются от полномочий других органов, однако политика и ее толкование здесь более строгие. Это поддерживается и поощряется правительством, которое рассматривает:
"Присвоение статуса национального парка как предоставление наивысшей степени защиты в отношении ландшафта и живописных видов." Сельская местность – Экологическое качество и экономическое и социальное развитие (1997).
National park authorities are the strategic and local planning authorities for their areas, so that the local district or unitary councils do not exercise planning control in an area covered by a national park. Consequently, they have to perform all the duties of a local planning authority. They are responsible for maintaining the local development framework — the spatial planning guide for their area. They also grant planning consent for development, within the constraints of the Framework. This gives them very strong direct control over residential and industrial development, and the design of buildings and other structures; as well as strategic matters such as mineral extraction. The national park authorities' planning powers vary only slightly from other authorities, but the policies and their interpretation are stricter than elsewhere. This is supported and encouraged by the government who regard:
"National Park designation as conferring the highest status of protection as far as landscape and scenic beauty are concerned." The Countryside — Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development (1997)
Вклад в местную экономику
Туризм является важной частью экономики регионов, где расположены национальные парки. Посетители, благодаря достопримечательностям, магазинам и средствам размещения, приносят доход и обеспечивают средства к существованию местным работодателям и фермерам. Этот доход также создает рабочие места в самом парке. Например, в 2004 году в национальном парке Пик-Дистрикт расходы туристов составили 185 миллионов фунтов стерлингов, что позволило создать более 3400 рабочих мест, что составляет 27% от общей занятости населения в национальном парке.
Tourism is an important part of the economy of the regions which contain national parks. Through attractions, shops and accommodation, visitors provide an income and a livelihood to local employers and farmers. This income provides jobs for the park. For example, within the Peak District National Park the estimate in 2004 for visitor spending is £185 million, which supports over 3,400 jobs, representing 27% of total employment in the national park.
Конфликты в национальных парках
У органов национального парка есть две задачи: сохранять и улучшать парк, а также содействовать его использованию посетителями. Эти две цели часто приводят к конфликтам между потребностями различных групп людей. По оценкам, национальные парки Англии и Уэльса ежегодно принимают 110 миллионов посетителей. В большинстве случаев удается достичь обеих первоначальных целей благодаря эффективному управлению. Однако иногда возникает ситуация, когда доступ для общественности напрямую противоречит задачам сохранения природы. В соответствии с принципами Сэндфорда, Закон об окружающей среде 1995 года определяет порядок установления приоритетов между сохранением и рекреационным использованием. Аналогичные положения были приняты и для шотландских национальных парков. Хотя отдых и туризм приносят много пользы региону, они также могут создавать ряд проблем. Национальное финансирование, предоставляемое органам национальных парков, частично учитывает дополнительные трудности, возникающие при разрешении этих конфликтов.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Перегруженность деревень и живописных мест. Некоторые из самых популярных туристических мест привлекают большое количество посетителей, что приводит к переполненным парковкам, заторам на дорогах и перегруженности местной инфраструктуры, особенно по воскресеньям летом и в праздничные дни. Примеры включают районы вблизи Кесвика в Озерном крае, Кастлтон и Бейкуэлл в Пикском округе, а также Бетс-и-Коэд в Сноудонии.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Эрозия. Пешие прогулки и использование других общественных троп – чрезвычайно популярный вид деятельности во всех национальных парках. Интенсивное использование наиболее популярных маршрутов приводит к значительной эрозии, однако укрепление троп может выглядеть непривлекательно. Особенно сильный износ вызывают спонсорские походы, маршруты, рекламируемые национальными книгами и журналами, верховая езда по грунтовым дорогам, катание на горных велосипедах и использование внедорожных транспортных средств на проселочных дорогах. Примером является Доведейл в Пикском округе. Чрезмерный выпас скота, например овец на холмах и вересковых пустошах, также может приводить к сокращению растительности и усилению эрозии.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Ущерб и беспокойство для дикой природы. Дикая природа может испытывать беспокойство из-за интенсивного использования некоторых участков парков, открытых для посещения. Болотистые и меловые луга легко повреждаются при регулярном использовании и требуют многих лет для восстановления. Особенно чувствительны гнездящиеся и отдыхающие на земле птицы. Прогулки с собаками, ориентирование, катание на горных велосипедах и парапланеризм – типичные виды деятельности, которые могут нарушить покой гнездящихся птиц.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Мусор. Мусор любого рода не только неэстетичен, но и может вызывать загрязнение окружающей среды и наносить вред домашнему скоту и диким животным. Разбитое стекло представляет опасность для людей и, фокусируя солнечные лучи, может стать причиной пожара, особенно в районах вересковых пустошей, таких как Эксмур, части Пикского округа и Северные Йоркширские равнины.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Повреждение сельскохозяйственных угодий. Вытаптывание травяных лугов сокращает количество зимнего корма для сельскохозяйственных животных. Пешеходы, сходящие с троп, могут перелезать через заборы или каменные стены вместо того, чтобы искать переходы, которые часто обозначают маршрут троп через сельскохозяйственные угодья. Овцы могут быть ранены или даже убиты собаками, находящимися без присмотра, особенно в период ягнения.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Вытеснение местного населения. Магазины подарков и кафе, ориентированные на потребности туристов, часто более прибыльны, чем магазины, продающие товары повседневного спроса для местных жителей (например, мясные лавки или пекарни). В некоторых деревнях, где преобладают туристические магазины и мало магазинов для местных жителей, местные жители могут чувствовать себя вытесненными туристами. Дома в туристических деревнях часто очень дороги из-за спроса на них как на второй дом или дом для отдыха со стороны компаний, сдающих дома в аренду, или состоятельных людей, живущих в другом месте или переезжающих в местный дом, из которого они ездят на работу, что делает их недоступными для местных жителей. Эта проблема особенно актуальна в районах, расположенных в пределах легкой досягаемости от крупных городов, таких как Пикский округ, Озерный край, Йоркширские долины, Нью-Форест и Саут-Даунс.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Конфликт между различными видами отдыха. Некоторые виды использования национальных парков мешают другим видам использования. Например, использование скоростных катеров создает шумовое загрязнение и противоречит другим видам деятельности, таким как прогулки на лодках, яхтинг, каноэ и плавание. 29 марта 2005 года вступил в силу закон, устанавливающий ограничение скорости в 10 узлов на озере Уиндермир. Новое ограничение скорости на Уиндермире фактически запретило использование скоростных катеров и катание на водных лыжах в Озерном крае. Из 16 крупных озер в Озерном крае только Уиндермир, Констон-Уотер, Дервент-Уотер и Алсуотер имеют право на судоходство; ограничения скорости были введены на трех озерах, кроме Уиндермира, в 1970-х и 1980-х годах.
The national park authorities have two roles: to conserve and enhance the park, and to promote its use by visitors. These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people. It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year. Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management. Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation. Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle, the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use. Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks. Although recreation and tourism bring many benefits to an area, they can also bring a number of problems. The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts. Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular "honeypot" areas attract large numbers of visitors, resulting in overcrowded car parks, blocked roads, and overstretched local facilities, particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays. Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District, Castleton and Bakewell in the Peak District, and Betws y Coed in Snowdonia. Erosion Hill walking and use of other public rights of way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks. Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion, but strengthening of paths can be unsightly. Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks, walks promoted by national books and magazines, by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways, mountain biking and use of off road vehicles on green lanes. Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District. Over grazing, for example, by sheep on hill and moorland areas, can also reduce vegetation, leading to increased erosion. Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use within some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public. Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use, and takes many years to recover. Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive. Dog walking, orienteering, mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds. Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and harm to livestock and wild animals. Broken glass is a danger to people and, by focusing the rays of the sun, a possible cause of fire, particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor, parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors. Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals. Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that often mark the course of footpaths across farmland. Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control, especially at lambing time. Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people (such as butchers or bakers). In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people, the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists. Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well off people who live elsewhere, or who move to a local home from which they commute to work, making them unaffordable for local people. This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities, such as the Peak District, the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales, and the New Forest and South Downs. Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses. For example, use of high speed boats causes noise pollution, and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips, yachting, canoeing, and swimming. A bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005. The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibited speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District. Of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District, only Windermere, Coniston Water, Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s.
Другие обозначенные ландшафты
В Соединенном Королевстве, помимо национальных парков, существует ряд других охраняемых природных территорий. Наиболее близкими по статусу к национальным паркам являются районы выдающейся природной красоты, которые, в частности, отличаются более ограниченными возможностями для активного отдыха на природе. Дартмур, Озерный край, Норт-Йорк-Мурс и Йоркшир-Дейлс граничат с районами выдающейся природной красоты, а побережья Эксмура и Норт-Йорк-Мурс совпадают с участками побережий, имеющих историческое значение. Все национальные парки в разной степени включают в себя объекты особого научного интереса и национальные природные заповедники. Часть национального парка Брекон-Биконс также имеет статус одного из глобальных геопарков ЮНЕСКО. Среди различных объектов Всемирного наследия в Англии и Уэльсе, Озерный край полностью совпадает с территорией национального парка, в то время как часть Всемирного наследия «Промышленный ландшафт Блэнавона» находится в пределах Национального парка Брекон-Биконс, а части замков и городских стен короля Эдуарда в Гвинеде и сланцевого ландшафта Северо-Западного Уэльса входят в состав Национального парка Сноудония.
The United Kingdom has a number of other designated landscape areas besides its national parks. Most similar to the parks are Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty which differ in part because of their more limited opportunities for extensive outdoor recreation. Dartmoor, the Lake District, North York Moors and the Yorkshire Dales all abut AONBs and in addition the coasts of Exmoor and the North York Moors coincide with heritage coasts. All the Parks contain in varying numbers Sites of Special Scientific Interest and national nature reserves. A part of the Brecon Beacons National Park is also designated as one of the UNESCO Global Geoparks. Of the various World Heritage Sites in England and Wales, one – the Lake District – is wholly coincident with a national park whilst a part of the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site falls within the Brecon Beacons National Park and parts of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd and of the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales fall within Snowdonia National Park.