Бар: История и керамика Подолья

City in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine

Bar (Бар; Bar; Бар) is a town located on the Riv River in Vinnytsia Oblast, the central Ukraine. It is located in the historic region of Podolia. It served as the administrative center of the former Bar Raion until 2020. The town's estimated population is

Bar began as a small trade outpost known as Rov, within the Duchy of Podolia in the 13th century. Rov was noted for the first time in 1401. In 1537, the Polish Queen Bona Sforza renamed the settlement Bar, after her hometown of Bari, Italy. In 1540, King Sigismund I the Old of Poland granted the nearby town city rights. In the 1630s, Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan built a fortress in Bar and made note of the town his book Description d'Ukranie. The Bar fortress was besieged several times in its history. In 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, was captured by Cossacks led by Maxym Kryvonis and was severely damaged. Bar as a town was described by a number of travelers and historians, including Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan in 1650, Evliya Çelebi in 1656, and Ulrich von Werdum in August 1671. In 1672, Bar was captured by the Ottoman Empire and became a seat of the sanjak in Podolia Eyalet with nahiyas of Bar, Dırajna, Zinkuv and Popovçi. On November 12, 1674, the town and the fortress were liberated by John III of Poland after a four day siege. However, the Ottomans would then recapture the city in 1675 and hold it until 1686, with nominal control through 1699. On February 29, 1768, the Bar Confederation, an alliance of Polish nobles, was founded by Adam Krasiński, Bishop of Kamenets, Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł, Casimir Pulaski, Moritz Benyowszki and Michał Krasiński within the Bar fortress. After the Second Partition of Poland, the town was ceded to the Russian Empire and made part of the Podolia Governorate. After 1922, Bar became part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR. In 1991, following the fall of the Soviet Union, the town became part of the independent Ukraine. The town had a historical Jewish population, with 3,869 Jews within the city in 1939. On July 16, 1941, during World War II, Nazi Germany occupied the town and established ghettos, killing many of Bar's Jewish residents. Bar currently has two large memorials situated within the city center, which are dedicated to those killed during WWII.

Bar has a museum which documents the city's history. The museum includes an exhibits on topics such as Queen Bona Sforza, Ukrainian culture, and the WWII era. It attracts both domestic and foreign visitors. The museum's collection includes historical clothing, ceramics, coins, and other artifacts.

Bar has the Bar ceramics national museum. There is also a virtual exhibition with the 3D views on the Bar's ceramic authentic exhibits. The Bar's ceramics museum's contemporary exhibits collection is created by the potters from Bar, Ukraine. The museum has hosted scientific conferences, where research reports were presented with a goal to revive the Bar's ceramics in Bar, Ukraine.

The town has a historic site centered around the Bar Fortress, originally built in 1537 and later re designed by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. The fortress currently stands in ruins. The fortress was built on the Riv River, and the historic site is now surrounded by historic religious buildings, including cathedrals.

Per the Köppen climate classification, Bar has a humid continental climate. Bar's district was historically used to grow apples. Winters in Bar are relatively cold, with snow. The early spring is generally warm, while the summer is sunny and humid. Autumn in Bar is generally characterized by clouds and rain, with precipitation being caused by Atlantic hurricanes. The town has instituted several programs to combat climate change, including the introduction of a waste management program, the optimization of public transportation, the minimization of air pollution by industrial plants, the thermal isolation of buildings, encouragement of bicycle transportation, and support of renewable energy initiatives.

The percentage of people, who know how to speak, read, write the Ukrainian language in Bar is (95.5%). Originally, the entire population spoke the old Slavic languages mainly, however the various historical events and the increasing international trade led to the situation, when the local population was able to get the other foreign languages skills. English is also studied at the advanced level at English Language Faculty at Humanitarian – Pedagogical College in Bar. The numerous computers with the audio headsets were installed and connected to the Internet at the central city library due to both the personal efforts of Hankamp and the Bibliomist program.

The Bar municipality is administratively subdivided into a number of municipal districts.

The mayor is elected by direct public election, while the heads of other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The Mayor of Bar has the executive powers; the City Council has the administrative powers to check the mayor's decisions, and the City Assembly can accept or reject the mayor's urban development strategy, city budget and city modernization proposals each year. 2. The Bar College of Transport and Construction, founded by Tunik, where the students can study the modern engines and automobiles designs;
3. The Bar Professional Building Construction College, where the students study the architecture and buildings construction technologies;
4. The specialized music school,
5. A number of secondary schools;
6. A wide screen cinema;
7. A city history museum; to modernize the modern central city library and the one library for the young people in Bar. The Bibliomist is a part of Global Libraries initiative of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). The Bar city library was extensively renovated due to the financial support by KfW bank in Germany in June, 2015. Also, there are the two small libraries for the young readers, one is located in downtown and another one near the medical hospital in Bar. In addition, there are the libraries at the Hrushevsky Humanitarian Pedagogical College and at the Automobiles and Roads College in Bar. There is an interconnected network of small remote libraries with Internet access at the villages in Bar's district.

Ukrainian culture is created on the base of the old Slavic culture. Ukrainian traditional songs, dances, paintings, poetry and literature are present in Bar. Notable tourist destinations include the St. Uspensky Orthodox Cathedral, St. Anna Rome Catholic Cathedral, St. Pokrovsky Orthodox Cathedral, old fortress, central park with the old green trees, Ukrainian music/dances folk festivals, history museum, central city library, etc. in Bar. The City of Bar is known as a city, where the "Love" lives in Ukraine. "The Bar City Day" is celebrated in September every year. "The Bar District Day" is celebrated in August every year. "The Apple Bar Festival" was conducted in Bar since 2018. The ІІІ International Scientific Conference "Bar's Land Podill'ya: European Heritage and Innovative Development Perspectives," was held in Bar in September 2014.

The Bar is known as a historical center of Polish culture in Ukraine. There is the Polish House, where the Polish cultural events are conducted. The Polish House was officially opened on May 22, 2016.

Youth Art Academic Theater (YAAT) is a multicultural organisation, which makes the theatrical performances in Bar since 2018.

The religious festivals are conducted in Bar frequently.

The economy includes the ten main sectors such as the agriculture, building construction industry, machine design industry, information technologies (IT) industry, food processing industry, wood processing industry, public utilities industry, domestic/international trade, transportation services industry, financial services industry, tourism industry, education industry. Industrial companies in Bar include the Bar Industrial Machinery Plant. The food processing industry is represented by the Pfanner apple juice international firm, which exports the concentrated apple juice to Austria mainly. There is the Barchanka big bottled mineral water company. There is the Solodka Planeta cakes producing company. There are the milk processing factory, the meat processing factory, and the fish processing factory in Bar. The IT industry includes a number of small IT services companies (the software design) and Internet providing companies (the optical/wireline/wireless access to the Internet). The financial industry is represented by a number of Ukrainian banks, which provide the corporate finance services and the personal finance services in the city. There are several big trade centers such as the Econom food trade chain, the Gusi Lebedi electronics/furniture trade chain, big market, hundreds of medium & small shops and drugstores. The tourism industry includes several hotels and motels. A relatively short distance from Bar, there is a natural gas compressor station, which pumps natural gas over the transcontinental Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline and the Union pipeline to the Polish, German and other European customers,.

There is the Bar City Council, which is located at newly renovated building in the central district. There is the Bar District Administration, which works at modern building in downtown. There is the Bar Tax Authorities Administration, which functions at modern building in a central part of city. There is the Pension Fund, which is situated in a newly redesigned building in downtown. There is the State Archive, which keeps the information about the historical developments in Bar. There is an Air Traffic Control Center with the beyond visual range radar nearby, which provides air traffic control services in the English language for aircraft in the Vinnytsia region of Ukraine. There is also a city airport, which helicopters and light airplanes can use.

The Jewish community hospital for 10 patient places, headed by Dr. Mareinis, licensed medical doctor, was in operation in Bar, Ukraine before 1920. Also, there were the three small medical hospitals for 15–20 patient places in Yaltushkov, Man'kovka and Kopaigorod villages in Bar's district before 1920. The medical hospital with 25 patient places was functional in Bar, Ukraine before 1940, but it is necessary to note a grim historical fact that Dr. Shamis, licensed medical doctor and Dr. Burstein, licensed medical doctor, including their Jewish families, were killed by German fascists in Bar, Ukraine at an occupation period during the World War II in 1940–1945. The ambulance department at the medical hospital in Bar, Ukraine was opened on February 1, 1955. The tuberculosis treatment department at the medical hospital in Bar, Ukraine was established on November 30, 1970. The blood transfusion department at the medical hospital in Bar, Ukraine was in operation since October 1, 1973. The medical clinics was opened in Bar, Ukraine on April 7, 1986. The psychoneurological department at the medical hospital in Bar, Ukraine was founded on April 4, 1989. The children's, therapeutic, neurologic, resuscitation departments at the medical hospital in Bar, Ukraine are situated in a new building, which was built in 1992. Complex medical treatments are done in collaboration with the doctors from the medical clinics, universities and institutions in Vinnytsia, Kyiv and other places. The Vinnytsia National Medical University named after the Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov in Vinnytsia, Ukraine.

The Apple Bar Festival has been conducted by city authorities in Bar since 2018.

There is park at the old Bar fortress on the Riv River, near the center of the town.

Bar has facilities for many recreational activities, including tennis courts, a football stadium, a basketball arena, and a swimming pool. The "Kolos" stadium is in process of reconstruction and modernization presently. Fishing is quite popular at the Riv River and nearby lakes. Bicycling is also popular in Bar.

"The Bar's Adventures" old people council conducts the meetings regularly.

There is a small airport for the light business jets and helicopters, which is equipped with all kinds of navigation devices and systems in Bar. At the same location, there is a big beyond visual range radar, which provides the air traffic control and navigation services in Ukrainian, Russian and English languages for various airplanes and helicopters.

There is a railway station nearby. The distance from the center of Bar to the Bar railway station is .

There is an inter city bus station in the center of Bar.

The electric cars are becoming very popular in Bar. There are several modern electric automobiles power charging stations in the city, which are situated near the "Barselona" hotel, the Bar College of Transport and Construction, etc.

The main local newspaper is Barchany (name for the city residents), which discusses local news mostly. The other newspaper is Podolsky Krai, which provides information on local news and developments.

There is a big number of the TV and Radio stations in Bar. There is an optical cable TV station with the modern digital electronic equipment and multiple satellite antennas to produce the local / international news programs for many thousands of householders.

"The Bar City" official news website informs the residents and tourists about the official news in the City of Bar. "The Bar News" regional information agency with a network of its reporters focuses on the local news publishing mainly. "The Bar Ceramics National Museum" internet media platform reports the local news about the Bar's ceramics development projects in the surrounding region.

Many cities provide the encyclopedic information on the cuisine, created in the course of history. The Ukrainian cuisine has formed and evolved in the historical process of the food selection and preparation through many centuries. Bar's traditional cuisine includes pork, beef, chicken, fish, potato, grains, rice, mushrooms and various vegetables. Bar's cuisine, includes borsch or Ukrainian red soup with meat, beets, cabbage, mushrooms, potato; the Ukrainian ukha soup with the fish; the Ukrainian "shi" soup with sauerkraut; Ukrainian varenyky with meat, potato and cheese; the Ukrainian holubtsi with pork and beef, rice, carrot; the Ukrainian kotleta po Kyivs'ky with the pork and beef meet, the Ukrainian pork and beef sausages; Ukrainian smoked pork and beef sausages; Ukrainian shashlyk with pork and beef meat prepared on an open fire; grilled chicken with red pepper sauce; grilled duck with apples and black pepper; Ukrainian pierogi with meat, apples, and cherries; Ukrainian pizza with meat, vegetables and cheese. Potato with mushrooms, or macaroni and cheese, or pasta with cheese, or "kartoplyanyky" / "deruny" / "draniki" with grated potato and onions, or rice with green peas are normally provided as the garnish. Bar's Jews have their own cuisine, based on the fish, chicken and vegetables products mainly. Stuffed pike from Riv river, cooked in the oven and liverwurst is also eaten. There are many restaurants and cafés, which serve the Ukrainian traditional food, tea, coffee in the city. The map of Ukraine was created by using the "kartoplyanyky" / "deruny" / "draniki", made of potato, in Bar in 2018.