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Содержание
Введение
Национальная валюта Норвегии
National currency of Norway
Крона (сокращение: kr (также NKr для различения); код: NOK), множественное число кроны, является валютой Королевства Норвегии (включая заморские территории и зависимые территории). Ранее она традиционно называлась норвежской кроной в английском языке, однако это название устарело. Номинально крона делится на 100 эре, хотя последние монеты с номиналом в эре были изъяты из обращения в 2012 году. В апреле 2010 года крона занимала тринадцатое место в мире по объему торгов, что на три позиции ниже, чем в 2007 году. Норвежская крона также неофициально принимается во многих магазинах в Швеции и Финляндии, расположенных вблизи норвежской границы, а также в некоторых магазинах в датских паромных портах Хиртшальс и Фредериксхавн. В 2015 году норвежцы потратили 14,1 миллиарда норвежских крон на покупки за границей, по сравнению с 10,5 миллиардами норвежских крон в 2010 году. Покупки за границей – довольно распространенная практика среди норвежцев, хотя они редко совершаются спонтанно. Основные траты приходятся на продукты питания, алкоголь и табак, в указанном порядке, как правило, оптом или в больших количествах. Это обусловлено значительно более высокими налогами и сборами на табак и алкоголь, приобретаемые внутри Норвегии.
The krone (, abbreviation: kr (also NKr for distinction); code: NOK), plural kroner, is the currency of the Kingdom of Norway (including overseas territories and dependencies). It was traditionally known as the Norwegian crown in English; however, this has fallen out of common usage. It is nominally subdivided into 100 øre, although the last coins denominated in øre were withdrawn in 2012. The krone was the thirteenth most traded currency in the world by value in April 2010, down three positions from 2007. The Norwegian krone is also informally accepted in many shops in Sweden and Finland that are close to the Norwegian border, and also in some shops in the Danish ferry ports of Hirtshals and Frederikshavn. Norwegians spent 14.1 billion NOK on border shopping in 2015 compared to 10.5 billion NOK spent in 2010. Border shopping is a fairly common practice amongst Norwegians, though it is seldom done on impulse. Money is spent mainly on food articles, alcohol, and tobacco, in that order, usually in bulk or large quantities. This is due to considerably higher taxes and fees on tobacco and alcohol purchased domestically in Norway.
История
Корону ввели в 1875 году, заменив норвежский специедалер/спесидалер по курсу 4 кроны = 1 специедалер. Таким образом, Норвегия присоединилась к Скандинавскому валютному союзу, который был учрежден в 1873 году. Скандинавские валюты обменивались друг на друга по паритету до 1914 года, когда из-за Первой мировой войны было приостановлено действие золотого стандарта. После этой даты валюты Дании, Норвегии и Швеции перестали быть взаимно эквивалентными. В рамках Скандинавского валютного союза крона привязана к золотому стандарту в соотношении 2480 крон = 1 килограмм чистого золота (1 крона = 403,226 миллиграмма золота). Золотой стандарт был приостановлен с 1914 по 1916 год и с 1920 по 1928 год, а в 1931 году он был окончательно отменен. В 1933 году крона была привязана к фунту стерлингов по курсу 1 фунт = 19,9 кроны, а в 1939 году – к доллару США по курсу 1 доллар = 4,4 кроны. Во время немецкой оккупации (1940–1945) во время Второй мировой войны крона первоначально привязана к рейхсмарке по курсу 1 крона = 0,6 рейхсмарки, который впоследствии был снижен до 0,57. После войны в 1946 году был установлен курс 1 фунт = 20 крон, эквивалентный 1 доллару США = 4,963 кроны, до девальвации фунта стерлингов в 1949 году, после которой он составил 1 доллар США = 7,142 кроны.
The krone was introduced in 1875, replacing the Norwegian speciedaler/spesidaler at a rate of 4 kroner = 1 speciedaler. In doing so, Norway joined the Scandinavian Monetary Union, which had been established in 1873. The Scandinavian currencies were mutually exchangeable at par until 1914 with the suspension of the gold standard due to World War I. After this date, the currencies of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden ceased to be mutually equivalent to each other. Within the Scandinavian Monetary Union, the krone was on a gold standard of 2,480 kroner = 1 kilogram of pure gold (1 krone = 403.226 milligrams of gold). The gold standard was suspended from 1914 to 1916 and from 1920 to 1928, and in 1931 it was permanently suspended. In 1933 the krone was pegged to the pound sterling at 1 pound = 19.9 kroner, and in 1939 the krone was pegged to the U. S. dollar at $1 = 4.4 kroner. During the German occupation (1940–1945) in the Second World War, the krone was initially pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 krone = 0.6 Reichsmark, later reduced to 0.57. After the war, a peg of 1 pound = 20 kroner was established in 1946, equivalent to US$1 = 4.963 kroner before the 1949 devaluation of sterling revised it to US$1 = 7.142 kroner.
Монеты
В 1875 году были введены монеты (некоторые датированы 1874 годом) номиналом 10 и 50 øre и 1 и 10 крон. Эти монеты также имели обозначение предыдущей валюты: 3, 15 и 30 скиллингов и 2 1/2 специдалера. В период с 1875 по 1878 год новая монета была введена в полном объеме, номиналом 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 и 50 øre и 1, 2 и 10 крон. Монеты номиналом 1, 2 и 5 øre чеканились из бронзы, 10, 25 и 50 øre, 1 и 2 кроны – из серебра, 10 и 20 крон – из золота. Последние золотые монеты были выпущены в 1910 году, серебро было заменено на купроникель в 1920 году. Между 1917 и 1921 годами железо временно заменило бронзу. В 1917 году также был осуществлен последний выпуск монет номиналом 2 кроны. Во время немецкой оккупации Норвегии во Второй мировой войне цинк использовался вместо купроникеля в монетах номиналом 10, 25 и 50 øre, а выпуск монет номиналом 1 крона был приостановлен. В 1963 году были введены монеты в 5 крон. Производство монет номиналом 1 и 2 øre прекратилось в 1972 году. В следующем году размер монеты в 5 øre был уменьшен, а выпуск данного номинала прекратился в 1982 году вместе с чеканкой монеты в 25 øre. В 1983 году были введены монеты в 10 крон. В 1992 году были отчеканены последние монеты номиналом 10 øre. В период с 1994 по 1998 год была введена новая серия монет, состоящая из 50 øre, 1, 5, 10 и 20 крон. В настоящее время это единственные монеты, являющиеся законным платежным средством, за исключением монеты в 50 øre, которая была изъята из обращения 1 мая 2012 года, поскольку она перестала использоваться в качестве обычной монеты для оплаты. Однако банки в Норвегии обменивали монеты в 50 øre на монеты более высокого номинала до 2022 года.
In 1875, coins were introduced (some dated 1874) in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the previous currency, as 3, 15, and 30 skillings and 2 1/2 specidaler. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1, 2, and 10 kroner. The 1, 2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze; the 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver; and the 10 and 20 kroner, in gold. The last gold coins were issued in 1910; silver was replaced by cupro nickel in 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron temporarily replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins. During the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro nickel in 10, 25, and 50 øre coins and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963, 5 kroner coins were introduced. Production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced; production of the denomination ceased in 1982, along with the minting of the 25 øre. Ten kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted. Between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kroner. These are the only coins that are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50 øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012. It was withdrawn because it was no longer circulating as an ordinary coin used for payment. However, banks in Norway still exchanged 50 øre coins for higher values until 2022. Currently circulating coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Issued since Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 krone 21 mm 1.7 mm 4.35 g Cupronickel75% Cu, 25% Ni Smooth Harald V's monogram a fowl 1997 5 kroner 26 mm 2 mm 7.85 g Milled St. Olav's Order acanthi leaves 1998 10 kroner 24 mm 2 mm 6.8 g 81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni Interrupted milling Harald V stave church roof 1995 20 kroner 27.5 mm 2.2 mm 9.9 g Smooth Viking ship 1994
The 10 and 20 kroner coins carry the effigy of the current monarch. Previously the 1 and 5 kroner coins also carried the royal effigy, but now these denominations are decorated only with stylistic royal or national symbols. The royal motto of the monarch (King Harald's motto is Alt for Norge, meaning "Everything for Norway") is also inscribed on the 10 kroner coin. Coins and banknotes of the Norwegian krone are distributed by the Central Bank of Norway. Up to 25 coins of any single denomination is considered [[legal tender—a legally recognized method of payment, in which the intended recipient can not refuse payment, according to Norwegian law.
Монеты, находящиеся в обращении в настоящее время
In 1875, coins were introduced (some dated 1874) in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the previous currency, as 3, 15, and 30 skillings and 2 1/2 specidaler. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1, 2, and 10 kroner. The 1, 2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze; the 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver; and the 10 and 20 kroner, in gold. The last gold coins were issued in 1910; silver was replaced by cupro nickel in 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron temporarily replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins. During the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro nickel in 10, 25, and 50 øre coins and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963, 5 kroner coins were introduced. Production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced; production of the denomination ceased in 1982, along with the minting of the 25 øre. Ten kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted. Between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kroner. These are the only coins that are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50 øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012. It was withdrawn because it was no longer circulating as an ordinary coin used for payment. However, banks in Norway still exchanged 50 øre coins for higher values until 2022. Currently circulating coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Issued since Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 krone 21 mm 1.7 mm 4.35 g Cupronickel75% Cu, 25% Ni Smooth Harald V's monogram a fowl 1997 5 kroner 26 mm 2 mm 7.85 g Milled St. Olav's Order acanthi leaves 1998 10 kroner 24 mm 2 mm 6.8 g 81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni Interrupted milling Harald V stave church roof 1995 20 kroner 27.5 mm 2.2 mm 9.9 g Smooth Viking ship 1994
The 10 and 20 kroner coins carry the effigy of the current monarch. Previously the 1 and 5 kroner coins also carried the royal effigy, but now these denominations are decorated only with stylistic royal or national symbols. The royal motto of the monarch (King Harald's motto is Alt for Norge, meaning "Everything for Norway") is also inscribed on the 10 kroner coin. Coins and banknotes of the Norwegian krone are distributed by the Central Bank of Norway. Up to 25 coins of any single denomination is considered [[legal tender—a legally recognized method of payment, in which the intended recipient can not refuse payment, according to Norwegian law.
Изображение Номинал Технические параметры Описание Выпущен с Аверс Реверс Диаметр Толщина Масса Состав Кант Аверс Реверс
1 крона 21 мм 1,7 мм 4,35 г Купроникель (75% Cu, 25% Ni) Гладкий Монограмма Харальда V Птица 1997
5 крон 26 мм 2 мм 7,85 г Рифленый Орден Святого Олава Листья аканта 1998
10 крон 24 мм 2 мм 6,8 г (81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni) Прерывистый рифленый Харальд V Крыша каркасной церкви 1995
20 крон 27,5 мм 2,2 мм 9,9 г Гладкий Корабль викингов 1994
In 1875, coins were introduced (some dated 1874) in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the previous currency, as 3, 15, and 30 skillings and 2 1/2 specidaler. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1, 2, and 10 kroner. The 1, 2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze; the 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver; and the 10 and 20 kroner, in gold. The last gold coins were issued in 1910; silver was replaced by cupro nickel in 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron temporarily replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins. During the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro nickel in 10, 25, and 50 øre coins and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963, 5 kroner coins were introduced. Production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced; production of the denomination ceased in 1982, along with the minting of the 25 øre. Ten kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted. Between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kroner. These are the only coins that are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50 øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012. It was withdrawn because it was no longer circulating as an ordinary coin used for payment. However, banks in Norway still exchanged 50 øre coins for higher values until 2022. Currently circulating coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Issued since Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 krone 21 mm 1.7 mm 4.35 g Cupronickel75% Cu, 25% Ni Smooth Harald V's monogram a fowl 1997 5 kroner 26 mm 2 mm 7.85 g Milled St. Olav's Order acanthi leaves 1998 10 kroner 24 mm 2 mm 6.8 g 81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni Interrupted milling Harald V stave church roof 1995 20 kroner 27.5 mm 2.2 mm 9.9 g Smooth Viking ship 1994
The 10 and 20 kroner coins carry the effigy of the current monarch. Previously the 1 and 5 kroner coins also carried the royal effigy, but now these denominations are decorated only with stylistic royal or national symbols. The royal motto of the monarch (King Harald's motto is Alt for Norge, meaning "Everything for Norway") is also inscribed on the 10 kroner coin. Coins and banknotes of the Norwegian krone are distributed by the Central Bank of Norway. Up to 25 coins of any single denomination is considered [[legal tender—a legally recognized method of payment, in which the intended recipient can not refuse payment, according to Norwegian law.
Монеты номиналом 10 и 20 крон имеют изображение нынешнего монарха. Ранее монеты номиналом 1 и 5 крон также изображали королевский портрет, но теперь эти номиналы украшены только стилизованными королевскими или национальными символами. Королевский девиз монарха (девиз короля Харальда – Alt for Norge, что означает «Все для Норвегии») также выгравирован на монете в 10 крон. Монеты и банкноты норвежской кроны распространяются Центральным банком Норвегии. До 25 монет любого номинала считаются законным платежным средством, то есть получатель не может отказаться от их приема в качестве оплаты, согласно норвежскому законодательству.
In 1875, coins were introduced (some dated 1874) in denominations of 10 and 50 øre and 1 and 10 kroner. These coins also bore the denomination in the previous currency, as 3, 15, and 30 skillings and 2 1/2 specidaler. Between 1875 and 1878, the new coinage was introduced in full, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1, 2, and 10 kroner. The 1, 2, and 5 øre were struck in bronze; the 10, 25, and 50 øre and 1 and 2 kroner, in silver; and the 10 and 20 kroner, in gold. The last gold coins were issued in 1910; silver was replaced by cupro nickel in 1920. Between 1917 and 1921, iron temporarily replaced bronze. 1917 also saw the last issuance of 2 kroner coins. During the German occupation of Norway in the Second World War, zinc was used in place of cupro nickel in 10, 25, and 50 øre coins and production of the 1 krone piece was suspended. In 1963, 5 kroner coins were introduced. Production of 1 and 2 øre coins ceased in 1972. The following year, the size of the 5 øre coin was reduced; production of the denomination ceased in 1982, along with the minting of the 25 øre. Ten kroner coins were introduced in 1983. In 1992, the last 10 øre coins were minted. Between 1994 and 1998, a new coinage was introduced, consisting of 50 øre, 1, 5, 10, and 20 kroner. These are the only coins that are currently legal tender, with the exception of the 50 øre coin which was withdrawn on 1 May 2012. It was withdrawn because it was no longer circulating as an ordinary coin used for payment. However, banks in Norway still exchanged 50 øre coins for higher values until 2022. Currently circulating coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Issued since Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 krone 21 mm 1.7 mm 4.35 g Cupronickel75% Cu, 25% Ni Smooth Harald V's monogram a fowl 1997 5 kroner 26 mm 2 mm 7.85 g Milled St. Olav's Order acanthi leaves 1998 10 kroner 24 mm 2 mm 6.8 g 81% Cu, 10% Zn, 9% Ni Interrupted milling Harald V stave church roof 1995 20 kroner 27.5 mm 2.2 mm 9.9 g Smooth Viking ship 1994
The 10 and 20 kroner coins carry the effigy of the current monarch. Previously the 1 and 5 kroner coins also carried the royal effigy, but now these denominations are decorated only with stylistic royal or national symbols. The royal motto of the monarch (King Harald's motto is Alt for Norge, meaning "Everything for Norway") is also inscribed on the 10 kroner coin. Coins and banknotes of the Norwegian krone are distributed by the Central Bank of Norway. Up to 25 coins of any single denomination is considered [[legal tender—a legally recognized method of payment, in which the intended recipient can not refuse payment, according to Norwegian law.
Использование монет в 10 сирийских фунтов в Норвегии
Характеристики монеты в десять сирийских фунтов (LS 10) оказались настолько схожи с норвежской монетой в 20 крон (NKr 20), что она способна обманывать торговые автоматы, автоматы для приема и выдачи монет, игровые автоматы и любое другое автоматическое устройство, работающее на монетах, в стране. Автоматы не могут отличить эти монеты друг от друга из-за их практически идентичного веса и размера. По состоянию на середину февраля 2017 года LS 10 стоил 0,39 NKr, что делало монету в 20 крон в 51,5 раза более ценной, чем монета в 10 фунтов. Несмотря на то, что сирийские монеты нелегко найти в Норвегии, они все еще используются в автоматах настолько часто, что Posten (Норвегия), норвежская почтовая служба, приняла решение закрыть многие из своих автоматов для приема и выдачи монет 18 февраля 2006 года, с планами разработать систему, способную различать эти две монеты. Летом 2005 года норвежец был приговорен к 30 дням условного заключения за использование сирийских монет в игровых автоматах в муниципалитете Барум.
The characteristics of the ten Syrian pound (LS 10) coin have been found to so closely resemble the Norwegian 20 kroner (NKr 20) coin that it can fool vending machines, coins to cash machines, arcade machines, and any other coin operated, automated service machine in the country. Machines are unable to tell the coins apart, owing to their almost identical weight and size. As of mid February 2017, LS 10 was worth NKr 0.39, making the 20 kroner coin 51.5 times more valuable than the 10 pound coin. While not easy to find in Norway, the Syrian coins are still used in automated machines there with such frequency that [[Posten (Norway), the Norwegian postal service, decided to close many of their coins to cash machines on 18 February 2006, with plans to develop a system able to differentiate between the two coins. In the summer of 2005, a Norwegian man was sentenced to 30 day suspended sentence, for having used Syrian coins in arcade machines in the municipality of Bærum.
Курсы
Стоимость норвежской кроны по сравнению с другими валютами значительно варьируется от года к году, главным образом из-за изменений цен на нефть и процентных ставок. В 2002 году норвежская крона достигла рекордных уровней по отношению к доллару США и евро. 2 января 2002 года 100 крон стоили 11,14 доллара США (1 доллар = 8,98 кроны). В июле 2002 года курс кроны достиг максимума в 100 крон = 13,7 доллара США (1 доллар = 7,36 кроны). Помимо высокого уровня процентных ставок, который 4 июля 2002 года увеличился еще больше до 7 процентов, наблюдалась высокая цена на нефть. В то время Норвегия была третьим по величине экспортером нефти в мире. В 2005 году цены на нефть достигли рекордного уровня более 60 долларов за баррель. Несмотря на то, что процентные ставки снизились примерно до 2 процентов, норвежская крона укрепилась еще больше. Однако в конце 2007 и начале 2008 года доллар неуклонно дешевел по отношению ко всем основным валютам. Одновременно с этим норвежская крона росла в цене, в результате чего крона стала сильнее, чем когда-либо, по отношению к доллару, и в апреле 2008 года доллар стоил около 5 крон. К октябрю 2008 года доллар восстановился и стоил примерно 7 крон. После 2009 года крона вновь показала сильный рост, и в начале 2010 года доллар стоил около 5,8 кроны. С тех пор доллар продолжал дорожать, и по состоянию на октябрь 2019 года стоил около 9 крон. Во время пандемии COVID-19 крона значительно подешевела, и 19 марта 2020 года один доллар стоил 12,00 крон.
The value of the Norwegian krone compared to other currencies varies considerably from one year to another, mainly based on changes in oil prices and interest rates. In 2002 the Norwegian krone grew to record high levels against the United States dollar and the euro. On 2 January 2002, 100 kroner were worth US$11.14 ($1 = 8.98 kroner). In July 2002, the krone hit a high at 100 kroner = $13.7 ($1 = 7.36 kroner). In addition to the high level of interest, which increased further on 4 July 2002, to 7 percent, the price of oil was high. At the time Norway was the world's third largest oil exporter. In 2005, oil prices reached record levels of more than 60 dollars per barrel. Although interest rates had decreased to around 2 percent, the Norwegian krone grew even stronger. However, in late 2007 and early 2008, the dollar suffered a steady depreciation against all other major currencies. The Norwegian krone was gaining value at the same time; as a result, the krone became stronger than ever compared to the dollar, making the dollar worth about 5 kroner in April 2008. By October 2008, the dollar had recovered and was worth approximately 7 kroner. Following 2009, the krone once again saw strong growth, making the dollar worth about 5.8 kroner as of the beginning of 2010. Since then, the dollar has gone up further and as of October 2019 was worth about 9 kroner. During the COVID 19 pandemic, the krone fell heavily, making one dollar cost 12.00 kroner on 19 March 2020.